biology 2.1.4

cells

smallest unit that can live independently

subcellular structure

cell contains _____ that each have distinct and vital importance to the life of the cell

one or more cells

all living organisms are made up of ___ or ___ ___

pre-existing cells

new cells are produced from _____ ____ via cellular division

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

two types of cell

prokaryotic cells

single-celled organism

prokaryotic cells

areorganisms such as bacteria with no membrane-bound organelles

eukaryotic cell

make up mainly multi-celled organisms

eukaryotic cells

organisms such as plant, animal, and fungi. they contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus

plant cell

which is larger, plant or animal cell

animal cell

which is smaller, plant or animal cell

up to 100 micrometer

size of plant cells

up to 30 micrometer

size of an animal cell

plant cells

are cells that are autotrophic

animal cells

are cells that are heterotrophic

can generate their own food and energy own their own via photosynthesis

define autotrophic

are cells that cannot generate their own food and energy and so must eat other organism

deifne heterotrophic

cytoplasm

the aqueous structure of the cell, filled with cellular fluid and enzyme

cytoplasm

all the organelles part of the cell is contained within the _____

cytoplasm

seen to be the site of all chemical reaction in the cell

cellular fluid and enzyme

structure of cytoplasm

plasma membrane

aka cell surface membrane

plasma membrane

surrounds the whole cell

selectively permeable

plasma membrane or cell surface membrane is _____ _____ to control the movement of chemical in and out of the cell

plasma membrane

controls what goes in and out of the cell

plasma membrane

maintains cell structure and prevents collapsing on itself

cell signaling

plasma membrane or cell surface membrane contains molecules involved in ___ _____

phospholipid bilayer made from fatty acid tail and phosphate heads

plasma membrane contains a ____ ____ ____ _____ _____ ____ ____ ____ _____ ____

phospholipid bilayer made from fatty acid tails and phospahte head

structure of plasma membrane

nucleus

contains the genetic material called DNA

proteins, metabolic activities

DNA codes for all the ____ required for the ____ ____ of the cells

nuclear envelope

nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called

nuclear pores

nuclear envelope contains ____ ___ that allow RNA molecules to exit nucleus

nucleolus

an area within the nucleus that is responsible for synthesising (making) ribosomes in making proteins

ribosomes

what does the nucleolus synthesise that is also used in making proteins

nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, and DNA/RNA

structure of nucleus

mitochondria

plays a vital role in aerobic respiration by producing ATP which provdes energy for organisms

ATP

what does mitochondria produces that provides energy for organism

true

true or false, cells that use more energy requires more mitochondria

activity levels

the number of mitochondria a cell has reflects on its ___ ____

mitochondria

made up of double membrane

inner membrane

the ___ ___ is folded to form structure called cristae

cristae

the inner membrane is folded to form structure called ____

matrix

the liquid centre of the mitochondria

DNA and ribosomes

the mitochondria has their own ___ and ____ to synthesise enzyme

outer membrane
inner membrane
intermembrane space
matrix
DNA
ribosomes

structure of mitochondria

vesicles

store and transport chemicals and materials

vesicles

contains a membrane which surrounds the fluid in its centre

transport vesicle and secretory vesicle

2 types of vesicles

transport vesicles

a vesicle that transport materials from one area to another

secretory vesicle

a vesicle that move materials to the plasma membrane of the cell so that the material can exit the cell (exocytosis)

membrane and fluid

structure of vesicles

exiocytosis

process in which materials exits the plasma membrane

cytoskeleton

present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells

cytoskeleton

network of different fibres that maintains the structure and shape of the cell

cytoskeleton

all organelles are held in place by _____

cytoskeleton

when an organelle needs to move, it will be controlled by the _____

microfilaments and microtubule

2 main components of cytoskeleton

microfilaments

control cell movement and cell contraction

microtubule

acts as ‘track’ for organelles to move alone

actin

microfilament is made up of protein called ____

tubuline

microtubule is made up of ____

cytoskeleton

spread throughout the cytoplasm in cell

microfilaments and microtubule

structure of cytoskeleton

flagella

large structure that protrude from a cell

flagella

allows the cell to move

cilia

are smaller structure that protrude from a cell

staionary, motility

some cilia are ___ and some are ____

stationary cilia

traps foreign objects to prevent reaching the trachea (are those found in the nose)

mobile cilia

this beats in a rhythmic pattern to force mucus containing debri back up the trachea and away from the lungs (are those found in the trachea)

stationary and mobile cilia

two types of cilia

cilia

made from microtubules arranged in 9+2 arrangement. there is 2 central microtubules surrounded by 9 pairs of microtubules that all can move

9+2 arrangement

how is the microtrubules in cilia are arranged

2 central microtubule and 9 double microtubule

structure of cilia

rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

two types of endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

network of membranes that connects to the nuclear envelope of the nucleus which has a high surface area and has ribosome on its surface

rough endoplasmic reticulum

has ribosome in its surface and is responsible for protein synthesis

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

network of membranes connected to the nuclear envelope of the nucleus with a high surface area and is responsible for producing and storing lipids and carbohydrates

membrane and ribosome

structure of rer

membrane

structure of ser

golgi apparatus

aka golgi body

golgi apparatus

has a very similar structure to ser

golgi apparatus

compact structure composed of membranes, and does not have ribosomes on its surface

golgi apparatus

rolse is to modify proteins (to have different structure and functions)

golgi apparatus

packages proteins into vesicles

membrane

structure of golgi apparatus

ribosomes

can either be free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rer

ribosome

not surrounded by a membrane

ribosome

made from proteins and RNA molecules

small subunit and large subunit

ribosomes are made of 2 subunits called

lysosomes

specialised form of vesicles

lysosomes

contains hydrolytic enzymes

hydrolytic enzymes

enzymes that breaks down unwanted materials such as debris and unwanted organelles

lysosomes

they play a vital role in digesting pathogens to prevent disease and also in apoptosis (programmed cell death)

programmed cell death

apoptosis is also known as

pathogens

what does lysosome digest

hydrolytic enzymes

structure of lysosomes

animal cells

in general, centrioles are only located in ____ ___

centrioles

composed of microtubules which are formed from the cytoskeleton