POL 327 MIDTERM

Capitalism

private producers, minimal govt, Smith 1776, creates winners/losers

Liberal Democracy

self-govt, rule of law, accountability, liberty protects popular control

Classical Liberalism

Locke, individual freedom from restraint, basis for both capitalism + democracy

Zero-Sum Thinking

my gain = your loss, rugged individualist, resists sharing, racial division

Capitalist Democracy

Cohen & Rogers 1983, capitalism conditions/constrains democracy, money limits accountability

Trickle-Down Economics

tax cuts wealthy Reagan/ Bush/ Trump 2017, benefits trickle elusive, inequality up

Keynesianism

New Deal to Great Society, govt spending stimulates whole economy, checks capitalism

Neoliberalism

post-1970s, govt promotes business profit, deregulation, welfare cuts, cities turn to banks/investors, luxury housing

Regime Theory

Stone 1989 Atlanta, weak diffuse authority, power = who combines resources money/votes/info

Pro-Growth Coalition

dominant regime now, city hall + developers + banks, prioritizes development over residents

Dillon's Rule

1868 Dillon, Dartmouth 1819, cities = creatures of states, no constitutional standing

Home Rule

partial autonomy where permitted, never full, NYC no full control schools/CUNY, PA bans Philly gun law

Whiteness as Constructed Category

Ignatiev Irish became white Philly, policing Black workers for WASP, Rogin Jewish Hollywood Jazz Singer, inclusion conditional on anti-Black

New History of Capitalism

Baptist 2014, slavery profits financed merchants/banks/industrialization, WASP elite concentration

Nativism / Immigration Quotas

cities = dens of iniquity, 1920s KKK quotas favor Northern Europe until 1980s, now backlash

Property Tax

main city revenue, funds water/sewers/police, rural overrepresented until Baker v Carr 1964, incentivizes luxury

Boss-Led Political Machine

unelected boss, trades patronage for votes, welcomes immigrants: Irish->Italian->Polish/Jewish->Black

Patronage

Jackson 1830s to victor goes spoils, jobs/contracts to loyalists, currency of machines

Tweed Ring / Tammany Hall

NYC most dramatic, massive corruption, sweetheart deals streetcar raised prices

Pendergast Machine

KC, James benign late 19th, Tom corrupt early 20th, elites cooperate, declined with New Deal welfare

Good Government Reform Movement

socialists/labor/middle-class vs machines, restructured elections but didn't immediately end machines

Civil Service Reform / Pendleton Act

ends spoils, merit hiring, impartial professional admin

Politics-Administration Dichotomy

Appleby Columbia, no D/R way to pave street, politics chooses, pros implement, in practice impossible

Nonpartisan At-Large Elections

secret ballot + voter registration, ends straight party voting, reduces fraud but also turnout

Australian Ballot

citywide no party labels, dilutes ethnic enclaves, reduces immigrant/working class power, de-democratizes

City Manager Plan / Commission Plan

council sets policy + manager runs civil service, West small cities, Galveston Commission failed budget fights, strong-mayor for big cities

Wisconsin School

Kolko, Weinstein, Hays, reform served corporate interests, made cities safe for business

New Deal Coalition

FDR 1932, cities+immigrants+Black+labor+farmers+Southerners, urban votes essential, Dems win popular vote 7 of last 8

Rural-Urban Divide

Jeffersonian rural superiority, Prohibition 1919, KKK 1920s, now racialized

Voter Suppression

Trump GOP strategy, targets non-white city voters, central to national politics

Grants-in-Aid

federal funds to cities, New Deal->Great Society expansion, GOP blocks/shrinks since Reagan 1980, cities to private finance

First New Deal

top-down business-focused, TVA 1933, NIRA 1933 wage/price controls struck down unconstitutional

Second New Deal

bottom-up workers, union protection, min wage, Social Security Act 1935

NIRA - National Industrial Recovery Act

1933, struck down Supreme Court delegation to executive

Social Security Act 1935

retirement + welfare poor/elderly/blind/disabled, state-set benefits, 1942 first payments, skepticism welfare

Insurance Myth

framed as withdrawing your contributions, actually intergenerational transfer, makes it popular vs welfare

Housing Act of 1934

first non-war federal housing, top-down aids banks middle-class mortgages

Great Migration

2 waves 1910-20 + 1940-70 5M second wave, escaping Jim Crow lynching South to Rustbelt Detroit/Chicago etc, met exclusion White Rage Anderson 2017

White Flight

whites + jobs + tax base to suburbs as Black arrived, deindustrialization industry moves South/abroad, cities poorer

Culture of Poverty

Lewis, Banfield Unheavenly City 1970, Auletta Underclass 1982, DiIulio superpredators, fatalistic values blame Black

Blaming the Victim

Ryan 1971, Wilson Truly Disadvantaged 1987 class+race, loss role models as Black professionals left, structural not cultural

Zoning

business vs residential to economic/racial exclusion, single-family blocks apartments

Racial Covenants

deed restrictions Black/Jewish, Shelley v Kraemer 1948 ends enforcement but persists

Redlining

1930s-70s FHA/banks no loans non-white areas, de jure not de facto, blocks homeownership=wealth

Tipping

rising non-white % triggers accelerated white flight, realtors encourage profit

Steering

realtors direct buyers to preserve homogeneity

x by law, x by choice, suburbs x - FHA explicitly anti-integration

de jure, de facto, de jure

Means-Testing

1949 housing for poorest only, lobbyists avoid competition private market, stigmatized Projects but kids did better

Urban Renewal / Negro Removal

Housing Act 1954 razes slums near CBD for commercial, demolishes more than builds, Baldwin, relocation fails

Housing Act of 1949

goal 810k units never appropriated, cheap land poorest neighborhoods

Housing Act of 1968

criminalizes housing discrimination, case-by-case litigation hard enforce

Community Reinvestment Act 1974

bans redlining, increases lending non-white, but loans stay in redlined areas so segregation remains, weakened under Bush

Interstate Highway System 1958

civil defense justification nuclear evacuation, makes bedroom communities viable, accelerates segregation

Housing Act 1937

bottom-up funds local authorities public housing, limited by Congress to not compete private market, built cheap segregated

Robert Moses

Power Broker Caro 1974, NYC highways near-dictatorial, not explicitly racist but indifferent, destroys Black neighborhoods

GI Bill 1944

education/employment/family formation + low-interest mortgages, white vets disproportionately benefit, Katznelson When Affirmative Action Was White 2005 reverse affirmative action