Nervous System - Chapter 14

The largest part of the adult brain, controlling higher mental functions such as conscious thoughts, intellect, and memory.

Cerebrum

The second-largest part of the brain, coordinating repetitive body movements.

Cerebellum

Region located under the cerebrum and cerebellum, which includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, involved in sensory information relay and autonomic functions.

Diencephalon

Relays information between the spinal cord and the cerebrum or cerebellum; includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Brainstem

The areas of the brain consisting of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses; makes up the cerebral cortex.

Gray matter

The areas of the brain composed of myelinated axons, forming connections between different regions of the brain.

White matter

Fluid that surrounds and cushions the brain, supporting and transporting nutrients and waste.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A selective permeability barrier that isolates the central nervous system from the general circulation, allowing only certain substances to pass.

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

A relay station that processes and transmits sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

Thalamus

Region of the brain that regulates autonomic functions, hormone production, and emotions, and connects to the pituitary gland.

Hypothalamus

Twelve paired nerves that connect the brain to various parts of the head and neck for sensory and motor functions.

Cranial nerves

Disturbance in muscular coordination, often due to damage to the cerebellum.

Ataxia

The rounded elevations on the cerebral cortex that increase the surface area available for neuronal connections.

Gyri

The shallow depressions or grooves on the cerebral cortex that separate adjacent gyri.

Sulci

The delicate innermost layer of the cranial meninges that adheres closely to the surface of the brain.

Pia mater

The tough outer layer of the cranial meninges.

Dura mater

The middle layer of the cranial meninges, located between the dura mater and pia mater.

Arachnoid mater

Involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion, regulated by the hypothalamus.

Autonomic function

A test that records electrical activity of the brain to assess brain activity and identify abnormalities.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A movement disorder characterized by increased activity of basal nuclei, leading to tremors and stiffness.

Parkinson's disease

1.4 kg (3lbs)

Average weight of Brain