ph 103 quiz 3

What are the primary sources of legal authority?

Constitutions, statutes, regulations, and common law.

What are secondary sources of law?

Treatises, law review articles, reports, and legal encyclopedias that analyze primary law.

What is a constitution?

A document establishing government and defining fundamental rights and obligations.

What are statutes?

Laws created by legislatures at federal, state, or local levels.

What are two hallmarks of statutes?

Prospectivity and generality.

What are regulations?

Rules created by executive branch agencies to implement statutes and clarify ambiguities.

What is common law?

Court opinions interpreting and applying law to specific cases; also called case law.

What is stare decisis?

The principle that courts should follow established precedent in substantially similar cases.

What is separation of powers?

Dividing government responsibilities among branches with checks and balances.

What is federalism?

Dividing governing powers between the federal government and state governments.

Who has the final word on a law's constitutionality?

The Supreme Court.

What is the role of the judicial branch?

Interprets laws and applies them to cases.

What is the assessment core function of public health?

Collecting and analyzing community health information.

What is the policy development core function?

Developing policies and selecting interventions to address health problems.

What is the assurance core function?

Implementing strategies and interventions to promote health.

Which core function informs, educates, and empowers people?

Policy development.

Which core function mobilizes community partnerships?

Policy development.

Which core function develops policies and plans?

Policy development.

Which core function enforces health and safety laws?

Which core function links people to needed health services?

Which core function ensures a competent healthcare workforce?

Which core function evaluates healthcare quality and accessibility?

Assurance.

Where does research for new insights fit among the core functions?

Cross-cutting; it supports all three core functions.

What is public health emergency preparedness?

The ability to prevent, prepare for, protect against, respond to, and recover from emergencies.

What defines a public health emergency?

Its scale, timing, or unpredictability threatens to overwhelm routine healthcare capabilities.

What is the Incident Command System (ICS)?

An organizational structure for a coordinated, organized, rapid emergency response.

Where and when did the ICS originate?

California; created by the National Fire Service in the early 1970s to manage forest fires.

What is a buying opportunity in Desmond's housing context?

A chance to purchase a home and gain access to a high-opportunity community.

How can housing wealth create unequal opportunities?

Expensive homes can provide access to better-funded schools, safer streets, and stronger services.

How does neighborhood segregation perpetuate inequality?

It concentrates resources in affluent areas and restricts poorer families' access to opportunities.

How can zoning reinforce neighborhood segregation?

Single-family zoning limits lower-cost housing and can exclude lower-income households.

How does neighborhood disadvantage affect children?

Unequal school, safety, and resource conditions can limit educational and future economic opportunities.

How can education perpetuate inequality?

Unequal school funding and access to enrichment allow advantages to pass across generations.

How can government tax policy reinforce poverty?

Tax breaks and favorable treatment of wealth can reduce resources available for antipoverty programs.

How can the mortgage-interest deduction reinforce inequality?

It disproportionately benefits higher-income households and does little to expand homeownership.

How can weak tax enforcement contribute to poverty?

It allows unpaid taxes and avoidance to reduce revenue for public services and antipoverty investments.

How can housing vouchers have unintended effects?

They relieve hardship but may channel public funds to landlords without expanding affordable housing.

How can complex benefit applications perpetuate poverty?

Eligible people may miss assistance because programs are difficult to find and navigate.

What is Desmond's broad approach to reducing poverty?

Fairer taxation, stronger public investment, direct support, and reforms addressing exploitation.

What does 'more poor aid and less rich aid' mean?

Shift public subsidies away from wealth accumulation toward economic security for low-income people.

How could the Child Tax Credit reduce poverty?

It provides financial support to households with children.

How could affordable housing investment reduce poverty?

It reduces housing insecurity, homelessness, and exclusion from stable communities.

What is targeted universalism?

A broad approach that includes different groups while providing each the support it needs.

What political barriers limit poverty reduction?

Affluent political influence, tax avoidance, polarization, and claims that assistance is unaffordable.

What is empowerment, according to Desmond?

Giving people choices, enforceable rights, and bargaining power to resist exploitation.

Why is choice an antidote to exploitation?

Real alternatives allow people to reject unfair work, housing, and financial arrangements.

How does collective power empower low-income people?

Unions, tenant organizations, cooperatives, and collective bargaining strengthen shared influence.

How can labor policy empower workers?

Raise minimum wages, protect union organizing, and expand collective bargaining and labor protections.

What is sectoral bargaining?

Workers across an industry negotiate wages and conditions collectively.

How can housing policy empower low-income people?

Public housing, affordable mortgages, tenant organizations, and tenant-owned cooperatives.

How can banking policy empower low-income people?

Limit excessive fees, disclose payday-loan costs, and expand affordable small-dollar loans.

How does reproductive autonomy relate to empowerment?

Access to chosen contraception supports control over family planning, education, employment, and finances.

What is the difference between charity and empowerment?

Charity provides immediate help; empowerment changes the choices and power available to people.

Why does Desmond argue charity alone is insufficient?

It can relieve hardship without changing the systems that cause poverty.

What is an example of housing empowerment?

Tenant organizations gaining influence over housing conditions or ownership of their buildings.