ch 7 : psychological disorders

DSM 5

biomedical approach

2 psychological disorders takes into account only the physical and medical causes of the disorder thus treatments in this approach ___- nature

biopyschosocial approach

considers the relative contributions of biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder. treatment falls into 3 areas

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders

used to diagnose psychological disorders. DSm5. based on symptom patterns

psychological disorders especially _____ _____ ______— are very common in the US population

anxiety, depressive, and substance use

schizophrenia

prototypical disorder w psychosis as a feature

positive and negative symptoms

positive symptoms

adds sum 2 behavior, cognition, or affect and include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior

negative symptoms

loss of something from behavior, cognition, or affect and include disturbance of affect and avolition

depressive disorders

include major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and seasonal affective disorder

major depressive disorder

contains at least 1 major depressive episode ( 2 weeks long)

• 5 or 0 defined depressive symptoms including depressed mood (sadness) or anhedonia (inability to feel and anticipate pleasure)

persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

presence of depressive symptoms for at least 2 years that do not meet criteria for major depressive disorder

biopolar and related disorders

have manic or hypomanic episodes

bipolar I disorder

contains at least 1 manic episode ( at least 1 week)

Bipolar II disorder

contains at least 1 major depressive episode ( 2 weeks) and least 1 hypomanic episode ( 4 days)

cyclothymic disorder describes

periods of manic and depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to be labeled an episode, these symptoms must persist for at least 2 years and be present the majority of the time

anxiety disorders

capture conditions in which excessive fear or anxiety impairs one’s daily functions

they are differentiated by the stimuli that induces it.

specific phobias

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

separation anxiety disorders

is anxiety due to separation from one’s caregivers, often with the ideation that if separated either the caregiver or the patient will be harmed

social anxiety disorder

anxiety due to social or performance situations with the ideation that the patient will be negatively evaluated

selective mutism

disorder is the impairment of speech in situations where speaking is expected

panic disorder

marked by recurrent panic attacks, intense, overwhelming fear, and sympathetic nervous system activity w no clear stimulus. may lead to agoraphobia

agoraphobia

fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

generalized anxiety disorder

disproportionate and persistent worry about many diff things for at least 6 months

obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders

characterized by perceive needs (obsessions or preoccupations) and paired actions to meet those needs (compulsions)

obsessive-compulsive disorder

characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) and compulsions (repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person’s life)

body dysmorphic disorder

characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one’s appearance or a specific body part.

the individual often takes extreme measures to correct the perceived imperfection

hoarding disorder

characterized by the reluctance of giving up one’s physical possesions

often associated w excessive acquisition of physical items

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

characterized by intrusion symptoms (reliving the event, flashbacks, nightmates), avoidance symptoms (avoidance of people, places, objects associated w trauma), negative cognitive symptoms (amnesia, negative mood and emotions), and arousal symptoms (increased startle response, irritability, anxiety). these symptoms can be explained from the behaviorist perspective

dissociative disorders

include dissociative amnesia, dissociative identitity disorder, and depersonalization/derealization disorder

dissociative amnesia

inability to recall psat experience without an underlying neurological disorder. in severe forms, it may involve dissociative fugue, a sudden change in loc that may involve the assumption of a new identity.

dissociative identity disorder

occurrence of two or more personalities that take control of a person’s vehavior

depersonalization/derealization disorder

involved feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment

somatic symptom and related disorders

involve significant bodily symptoms

somatic symptom disorder

involves at least 1 somatic symptom which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition that cauees disproportionate concern

illness anxiety disorder

preoccupation with thoughts about having, or coming down with a serious medical condition

conversion disorder

involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated w prior trauma

personality disorders (PD)

patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning or impulse control

they occur in three clusters A (odd, eccentric), B (dramatic, emotional erratic), and C( anxious, fearful)

cluster A personality disorders (odd, eccentric)

paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid PDS

Cluster B personality disorders (dramatic, emotional, erratic)

antisocial borderline, histronic and narcissistic PDs

Cluster C (anxious, fearful) personality disorders

avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsie PDs

Paranoid PD

involves a pervasive distrust and suspicion of others

schizotypal pD

involves ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity (clairvoiance)

Schizoid PD

involved detachment from social relationships and limited emotion

antisocial PD

involves a disregard for the rights of others

borderline PD

involves instability in relationships, mood, and self-image

• splitting: characteristic (all good/bad no inbetween) and frequent su!cide attempts

histronic PD

involves constant attention seeking behavior

Narcissistic PD

involves a grandiose sense of self-importance and need for admiration

avoidant PD

involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection

Dependent PD

involves a continuous need for reassurance

obsessive-compulsive PD

involves perfectionism, inflexibility, and preocupation with rules

Schizophrenia may be assoc w ________ (biological factors)

genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family history

high levels of dopaminergic transmission

depression is accompanied by high levels of ______— and low levels of ____ _________ and ______-

glucocorticoids (Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that reduce inflammation and control how the body uses energy.), and low of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

Bipolar disorders are accompanied by high levels of __________________

norepinephrine and serotonin. highly heritable

Alzeimer’s disease is associated w genetic factors ______________

brain atropy

decrease in acetylcholine

senile plaques of B-amyloid

neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein

Parkinson’s disease is associated with __________________

bradykinesia

resting tremor

pill rolling tremor

masklike facies

cogwheel rigidity

and a shuffling gait

decreased production of dopamine by cells in the substantia nigra

depressive disorder 9 symptoms

sadness + SIG E CAPS:

Sadness : depressed mood, feelings of sadness and emptiness

Sleep : insomnia or hypersomnia

Interest: loss of interest and pleasure in activities that previously sparked joy anhedonia

Guilt: a feeling of inappropriate guilt or worthlessness

Energy: lowered levels of energy throughout the day

Concentration: decrease in ability to concentrate (self described, or observed by others)

Appetite: pronounced change in appetite (inc or decrease) resulting in a significant change 5+% in weight

Psychomotor symptoms: psychomotor retardation (slowed thoughts and physical movements) and psychomotor agitation (restlessness in undesired movement)

Suicidal thoughts : recurrent suicidal thoughts

7 manic symptoms

DIG FAST

Distractibility: inability to remain focused on activity

Irresponsibility: engaging in risky activites w/o considering future consequences

Grandiousity: exaggerated and unrealistic inc in self-esteem

Flight of thoughts: racing thoughts, self-reported or revealed thru rapid speech

Activity or agitation: inc in goal-oriented work or social activities

Sleep: decreased need for sleep , sleeping for only a couple hours but feeling rested

Talkative: exaggerated desire to speak

3+ symptoms are a manic episode for at least a week