Development of Human Locomotion Chapter 5

Loco means

from place to place

Motion is the action

or process of moving or being moved

Locomotion is

the act of moving or the capability to move, from place to place

Whole Body approach

describe the developmental sequences of running

(stages)

Component Approach

changes that are expected to occur with each body segment

(Steps)

Before Locomotion, we must do what

Hit Milestones of

Crawling → Creeping → Stand → Walk

Crawling is from ages

7-8 months

• chest and stomach are on the floor or minimally elevated

Creeping is from ages

9-12 months

• arms and legs are alternating to locomote

Standing happens around what age

9 months

• attaining an upright position

• use of external objects

There is different perspectives for infants in _________

Walking

• Progressive alternation of leading leg and continuous contact with supporting surface

• Gait Cycle: Swing and Support Phase

What are the two types of balance?

Static and Dynamic

What can improve walking balance?

Dynamic Base, Foot Angle, Speed

Walking Constraints

• Muscular Strength ​

• Balance ​

• Walking with external loads (heavy backpacks)​

• Clothing/footwear

What is a natural extension of walking?

Running

• Children exhibit early running skills 6-7 months after onset of independent walking

• difference from running and walking : running has flight phase

Development Aspects (Phases) of running

Support, Flight and Recovery Phases

Running Constraints

Balance and Muscular Strength (Flight Phase)

Running Whole Body Approach

Running Leg Action

• Step 1: Run is flat-footed with minimal flight ​

• Step 2: Swing thigh moves with greater acceleration, causing 90 degree maximal flexion of the knee, flight time increases ​

• Step 3: Heel-toe, swing leg is primarily forward, support leg moves from flexion to complete extension by takeoff

Running Arm Action

• Step 1: Arms do not participate in running action, held in high guard ​

• Step 2: Spinal rotation swings arms bilaterally, flailing appearance ​

• Step 3: Spinal rotation continues to be the prime mover of the arms, elbow is flexed ​

• Step 4: Upper arm begins to drive forward and back. Arm opposition and elbow flexion.

Jumping is when an individual

propel themselves off the ground with one or both feet and then land on both feet

• hopping, leap, vertical jump, and horizontal jump

What kind of jump is when an individual propel themselves with one force and land on the same foot

Hopping

Leaping occurs

when individual propel themselves with one foot and land on the other

What jump type is when the body thrusts upward

Vertical Jump

Horizontal Jump is when

body is thrusted upwards and forward

Jumping Phases

Preparatory, Takeoff, Flight, and Landing

Jumping Phase 1 : Preparatory

Crouch and backward swing of arms

Jumping Phase 2 : Takeoff

Body fully extends, arms are forward

Jumping Phase 3 : Flight

Extension of the hips, knees and ankles, vigorous swing of arms airborne

Jumping Phase 4 : Landing

• Absorbing the landing forces by flexing knees, hips and ankles​

• Landing feet ahead of center of gravity

Jumping Constraints

Strength, Muscular Power, Arm-Leg Coordination

Standing Long Jump - Whole Body Approach

Standing Long Jump: Developmental Sequence - Arm Take Off Phase

• Step 1: Arm inactive ​

• Step 2: Winging arms​

• Step 3: Arms abducted ​

• Step 4: Arms forward; partial stretch ​

• Step 5: Arms forward; full stretch ​

Standing Long Jump: Developmental Sequence - Arm Flight and Landing Phase

Step 1: Arms winging​

Step 2: Arms abducted; lateral rotation​

Step 3: Arms abducted; medial rotation​

Step 4: Arms overhead

Standing Long Jump - Developmental Sequence - Trunk Take Off Phase

• Step 1: Slight lean, head back ​

• Step 2: Slight lean, head aligned​

• Step 3: Forward lean, chin tucked​

• Step 4: Forward lean, head aligned​

Standing Long Jump - Developmental Sequence - Trunk Flight and Landing Phase

• Step 1: Slight lean​

• Step 2: Corrected lean​

• Step 3: Maintained lean

Standing Long Jump - Developmental Sequence - Leg Take Off Phase

• Step 1: Fall and Catch, weight is shifted forward ​

• Step 2: Two-footed takeoff, partial extension ​

• Step 3: Two-footed takeoff, full extension

Standing Long Jump - Developmental Sequence - Leg Flight and Landing Phase

• Step 1: Minimal tuck​

• Step 2: Partial tuck, hips and knees flex in synch, knees extend for two-foot landing ​

• Step 3: Full tuck, flexion of both knees precedes hip flexion, knees extend to reach two-foot landing

Jumping - Developmental Sequence - Vertical Jump INITIAL STAGE

• Inconsistent preparatory crouch ​

• Difficulty in taking off with both feet ​

• Poor body extension ​

• Little or no head lift​

• Arms not coordinated with the trunk and leg action​

Jumping - Developmental Sequence - Vertical Jump ELEMENTARY PHASE

Knee flexion exceeding 90 deg angle on preparatory crouch ​

Exaggerated forward lean during crouch ​

Two-footed takeoff​

Not fully extended ​

Arms attempting to aid in flight and balance ​

Noticeable horizontal displacements on landing

Jumping - Developmental Sequence - Vertical Jump MATURE STAGE

• Preparatory crouch with knee flexion from 60-90 deg​

• Forceful extension at hips, knees, and ankles​

• Simultaneous coordinated upward arm lift​

• Upward head tilt with eyes focused on target ​

• Full body extension ​

• Controlled landing very close to point of takeoff

Hopping is when an individual

propel themselves with one force on the same foot​

• Requires additional strength and better balance​

• Children perform better on their preferred foot

Hopping - Whole Body Approach

Hopping - Developmental Sequence - Leg Action

• Step 1: Momentary flight ​

• Step 2: Fall & catch; swing leg inactive​

• Step 3: Projected take-off, swing leg assists ​

• Step 4: Projected delay, swing leg leads ​

Hopping - Developmental Sequence - Arm Action

• Step 1: Bilateral inactive​

• Step 2: Bilateral reactive​

• Step 3: Bilateral assist​

• Step 4: Semi-opposition ​

• Step 5: Opposing assist

________ Emerge shortly after running has been accomplished

Galloping

• Forward step ​

• Leap by a trailing foot​

• (Front facing direction, same foot)

Sliding is the same as

gallop, just performed sideways ​

• Child must face straight ahead while moving sideways ​

• Challenging as children are required to face a different direction, and may turn to perform galloping

For skipping, most

difficult

• Forward, followed by a hop on the same foot, alternating leading foot

GOOD TO KNOW!