biopsych midterm cram

Frontal lobe healthy brain

Personality / emotions, Intelligence, Attention / concentration, Judgment, Body movement, Problem solving, Speech (speak & write)

Frontal lobe impaired brain

Loss of movement (paralysis), Repetition of a single thought, Unable to focus on a task, Mood swings, irritability, impulsiveness, Changes in social behavior and personality, Difficulty with problem solving, Difficulty with language; can't get the words out (aphasia)

Occipital lobe healthy brain

Vision

Temporal lobe healthy brain

Speech (understanding language), Memory, Hearing, Sequencing, Organization

Temporal lobe impaired brain

Difficulty understanding language and speaking (aphasia), Difficulty recognizing faces, Difficulty identifying / naming objects, Problems with short- and long-term memory, Changes in sexual behavior, Increased aggressive behavior

Cerebellum healthy brain

Balance, Coordination

Cerebellum impaired brain

Difficulty coordinating fine movements, Difficulty walking, Tremors, Dizziness (vertigo), Slurred speech

Brainstem healthy brain

Breathing, Heart rate, Alertness / consciousness

Brainstem impaired brain

Changes in breathing, Difficulty swallowing food and water, Problems with balance and movement, Dizziness and nausea (vertigo)

Motor neurons

Sends signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands to trigger movement or action

Interneurons

Processes signals and connects sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system

Sensory neurons

Carries sensory information from receptors (like skin, eyes, nose) to the brain and spinal cord

Excitatory neurotransmitters

Glutamate, norepinephrine, dopamine

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

GABA, serotonin, dopamine

Left hemisphere functions

Analytical, detail, ordered sequencing, verbal, cautious, planning, math/science, logic, right field vision, right side motor skills

Right hemisphere functions

Intuitive thought, holistic perception, random sequencing, emotional thought, non-verbal, adventurous, impulse, creative writing/art, imagination, left field vision, left side motor skills

Amino acids (Neurotransmitter class)

Glutamate, GABA

Monoamines (Neurotransmitter class)

Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

Neuropeptides (Neurotransmitter class)

Endorphins

Cholinergic (Neurotransmitter class)

Acetylcholine

Sodium (Ion action)

Depolarizes (fires signal)

Potassium / Repolarization (Ion action)

Repolarizes (resets the signal)

Calcium (Ion action)

Triggers neurotransmitter release

Chloride (Ion action)

Hyperpolarizes (inhibits/quiets cell during refractory period)

EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential)

A temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, making it more likely to fire an action potential

IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential)

A temporary hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane caused by the flow of negatively charged ions into the cell (or positive ions out), making it less likely to fire an action potential

Exocytosis

The process by which neurotransmitters are released from vesicles into the synaptic cleft

Ionotopic receptors

 direct(is an ion channel), extremely fast, short lives, no amplification, rapidl localized electrical signaling

Metabotropic Receptors

Indirect (actives secondary g-protein chain), slow(er), long lasting, high amplification, broad modulation for memory formation and changing cell states

Glutamate

(Neurotransmitter)memory and learning

GABA

(Neurotransmitter)Calming and Anxiety Control

Dopamine

(Neurotransmitter)Reward, focus & movement

Serotonin

(Neurotransmitter)Fight or flight alertness

Endorphins

(Neurotransmitter)Pain suppression and Euphoria

Acetylcholine

(Neurotransmitter) Muscle movement and memory