Chemistry Solutions, Dilutions, and Stoichiometry

Vocabulary flashcards covering core chemical principles, formulas, glassware precision, titrations, and stoichiometric calculations from the lecture transcript.

Conservation of Solute Moles during Dilution

The principle stating that during dilution, the number of moles of solute remains constant, represented as $n_0 = n$ or $C_0 \times V_0 = C \times V$.

Dilution Factor ($df$)

The ratio of initial concentration to final concentration or final volume to initial volume, given by $df = \frac{C_0}{C} = \frac{V}{V_0}$.

Concentrated Acid Safety Precautions

Safety measures required when handling highly concentrated corrosive acids, specifically wearing safety goggles and protective gloves.

Percentage Mass Formula ($\% m$)

The expression used to compute mass percentage of solute in solution: $\% m = \frac{m_{\text{solute}}}{m_{\text{solution}}} \times 100 = \frac{C \times M}{d \times 10}$.

Limiting Reactant Stoichiometric Ratio ($R$)

The ratio $R = \frac{n}{\text{coefficient}}$ calculated for each reactant, where the reactant with the smallest $R$ value is the limiting reactant.

Percentage Yield Formula

The measure of reaction efficiency expressed as $\% \text{ yield} = \frac{V(CO_2)_{\text{exp}}}{V(CO_2)_{\text{theo}}} \times 100$.

Total Hydrogen Ion Concentration ($[H^+]_{\text{mixture}}$)

The total concentration of hydrogen ions in an acid mixture, calculated as $[H^+]_{\text{mixture}} = [H^+]_{HCl} + [H^+]_{H_2SO_4} = [HCl]_0 + 2[H_2SO_4]_0$.

Molar Concentration from Density and Mass Percentage

The relationship converting mass percentage, density, and molar mass to molar concentration: $C = \frac{\% m \times d \times 10}{M}$.

Volumetric Pipette

Precision glassware required to accurately measure and transfer a specific initial volume of liquid (e.g., $10\,\text{mL}$ or $20\,\text{mL}$) during dilution.

Volumetric Flask

Precision glassware used to prepare a solution of a precise total volume (e.g., $200\,\text{mL}$ or $1000\,\text{mL}$) by filling water up to its calibration mark line.

Bromothymol Blue (BTB) in Acidic Medium

A pH indicator that turns yellow in an acidic medium, indicating the presence of excess unreacted acid.

Percentage Purity Formula

The proportion of pure substance mass relative to total sample mass: $\% \text{ purity} = \frac{m_{\text{pure}}}{m_{\text{impure}}} \times 100$.

Net Ionic Reaction of Iron with Acid

The single replacement ionic equation between solid iron and aqueous acid: $Fe_{(s)} + 2H^+_{(aq)} \rightarrow Fe^{2+}_{(aq)} + H_{2(g)}$.

Neutralization Reaction

The chemical reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions forming water: $H^+_{(aq)} + OH^-_{(aq)} \rightarrow H_2O_{(l)}$.