imperial

Imperialism

When a powerful country extends its control over other countries or territories.

4 types of imperialism

Economic, cultural, political, and military imperialism

Expansionism

The policy of expanding a country's territory or influence.

Empire

A country or group of territories controlled by one power.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the United States was destined to expand across North America.

Josiah Strong

Protestant minister who argued that Americans should spread Christianity and Anglo-Saxon culture.

John Fiske

Historian who supported the idea that Anglo-Saxon culture should spread around the world.

United States

Expanded overseas in the late 1800s to gain markets, resources, and military influence.

U.S. role in the world

Shifted from mainly continental expansion toward becoming a major world power.

William McKinley

U.S. president during the Spanish-American War; oversaw the acquisition of overseas territories.

Theodore Roosevelt

U.S. president known for an assertive foreign policy and expanding American influence

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Naval officer who argued that a strong navy was essential for national power.

The Influence of Sea Power upon History

Mahan's book arguing that naval strength and overseas bases helped countries become world powers.

Naval power

A country's ability to project military strength using its navy.

Pacific

Ocean region that became important to U.S. trade, military strategy, and expansion.

Japan

The United States pressured Japan to open its ports to foreign trade in the 1850s.

Commodore Matthew Perry

U.S. naval officer who led an expedition that helped open Japan to American trade in 1853-1854.

China

Important target of American trade and imperialist ambitions.

Open Door policy

U.S. policy seeking equal trading opportunities in China for foreign powers.

Boxer Rebellion

1899-1901 uprising in China against foreign influence and Christian missionaries; an international force helped suppress it.

Queen Liliuokalani

The last reigning monarch of Hawaii. She opposed the loss of Hawaiian sovereignty and was overthrown in 1893 by a group of American and European-descended businessmen and their supporters.

Hawaii

Island kingdom that was overthrown in 1893 and annexed by the United States in 1898.

Sugarcane

A major Hawaiian crop. American plantation owners gained considerable economic and political influence through the sugar industry.

Sanford Dole

Leader of the provisional government after the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy; later president of the Republic of Hawaii.

Annexation

The formal incorporation of a territory into another country.

Guam

Pacific island acquired by the United States from Spain after the Spanish-American War.

Samoa

Pacific island group divided between Germany and the United States in 1899; the U.S. received what is now American Samoa.

Spanish-American War

War in 1898 between the United States and Spain, partly over Cuba's struggle for independence. The U.S. won.

Cuba

Spanish colony fighting for independence; became formally independent in 1902, although U.S. influence remained strong.

U.S.S. Maine

American battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898. The cause was uncertain, but the explosion helped increase support for war against Spain.

Yellow journalism

Sensationalized or exaggerated news reporting used to attract readers and influence public opinion.

Jingoism

Extreme nationalism that favors an aggressive foreign policy or war.

Rough Riders

Volunteer cavalry unit in the Spanish-American War, famously associated with Theodore Roosevelt.

Puerto Rico

Spanish territory acquired by the United States after the war; remains a U.S. territory.

Philippines

Spanish colony transferred to U.S. control after the war; Filipinos then fought against American rule

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino independence leader who fought Spain and later led resistance against U.S. rule.

Autonomy

The ability of a territory or group to govern itself to some extent.

Platt Amendment

1901 provisions that limited Cuba's independence and gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs under specified conditions.

Senator Albert Beveridge

Republican senator who supported American imperialism and argued that the U.S. should expand overseas.

William Jennings Bryan

Politician who opposed annexing the Philippines and criticized imperialism.

William Howard Taft

U.S. president from 1909-1913; promoted American economic influence abroad through Dollar Diplomacy.

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 addition to the Monroe Doctrine. Roosevelt claimed the U.S. could intervene in Latin American countries to address chronic instability or financial problems.

Panama

Declared independence from Colombia in 1903 with U.S. support.

Colombia

Country that controlled Panama before Panama's 1903 independence.

Panama Canal

Waterway completed in 1914 that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, making international shipping and naval movement easier.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Roosevelt's approach of negotiating while maintaining the threat of military force.

Dollar Diplomacy

Policy associated with William Howard Taft that used American loans, investments, and business interests to increase U.S. influence, using other countries to help promote more money

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. president from 1913-1921 who intervened in Mexico and promoted a foreign policy that emphasized constitutional government, though U.S. actions were often interventionist.

Porfirio Díaz

Mexican ruler whose long period in power favored economic modernization but also involved political repression and unequal land distribution.

Francisco Madero

Revolutionary leader who helped overthrow Díaz in 1911 and became president of Mexico.

General Victoriano Huerta

Military leader who seized power after Madero was overthrown in 1913. We did not like him because he did not do democratic government

Veracruz

Mexican port occupied by U.S. forces in 1914 during tensions with Huerta's government.

Marines

U.S. naval infantry frequently deployed during American interventions abroad.

Mexican Revolution

Revolution beginning in 1910 against Díaz's rule that developed into a prolonged struggle over political power, land, and social reform.

Pancho Villa

Revolutionary leader who opposed certain Mexican governments and led a 1916 raid into Columbus, New Mexico.

General John J. Pershing

U.S. Army general who led an expedition into Mexico in 1916-1917 to try to capture Pancho Villa.