Endocrine System Anatomy & Structures As Questions + Overview (RAD 1101)

Which system is a system of ductless glands that secrete hormones into blood or lymph?

endocrine system

The endocrine system stimulates long term processes through hormones such as...

growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, and body defenses

The endocrine system is the major ________ system of the body

controlling system

The chemical change in cells due to cellular use of oxygen is:

metabolism

Chemical substances secreted into extracellular fluid that regulates metabolic activity are the:

hormones

When hormones are released, they target cells or organs in which they bond to what that the hormone affects?

specific site in the cell

What do hormones do within cells?

alters cellular activity by increasing (hyper-) or decreasing (hypo-) the rate of metabolic process

Which major endocrine glands are double glands?

- pituitary

- suprarenal (adrenal)

Which major endocrine glands are mixed glands?

- pancreas

- gonads (ovaries and testes)

Which gland is located in the brain and hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus?

pituitary gland

Which gland is also called the hypophysis?

pituitary gland

This gland is surrounded by the sella turcica (saddle) of the sphenoid bone:

pituitary gland

The "master gland" of the body that controls many other glands is the:

pituitary gland

The pituitary gland has two functional lobes which are the _______ and _______ lobes

anterior and posterior lobes

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (or adenohypophysis) has what type of tissue?

glandular tissue

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (or neurohypophysis) has what type of tissue?

nerve tissue

The anterior pituitary gland is also known as:

adenohypophysis

What hormone stimulates growth of bones and skeletal muscles aka GH (growth hormone)?

STH (somatotrophic hormone)

STH (somatotrophic hormone) is produced by which gland?

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Which hormone stimulates milk production by breasts and breast development?

PRL (prolactin)

PRL (prolactin) is produced by which gland?

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Which hormone stimulates estrogen production by ovaries in females; growth of testes and sperm production in males?

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is produced by which gland?

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Which hormone stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone (androgens) production in males?

LH (luteinizing hormone)

LH (luteinizing hormone) is produced by which gland?

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

What is LH (luteinizing hormone) called in males?

ICSH (interstitial cell-stimulating hormone)

Which hormone stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone (2)?

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is produced by which gland?

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Which hormone stimulates suprarenal (adrenal) cortex to secrete glucocorticoids?

ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)

ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) is produced by which gland?

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Which hormone stimulates skin pigmentation, hair, and eye color (physical features)?

MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) is produced by which gland?

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions; causes breast milk ejection in a nursing woman?

oxytocin (pitocin)

Oxytocin (pitocin) is produced by which gland?

posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

Which hormone causes kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water and increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and prevents loss of water by suppressing urine output?

ADH (antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin)

ADH (antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin) is produced by which?

posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

regulates speed of your metabolism and affects mental and physical growth (emotional stability)

The thyroid gland is located where?

at base of the throat and anterior to the trachea

The thyroid gland is two lobes joined by what?

isthmus

What does the thyroid gland contain that we usually get by diet that is needed for T3 and T4 hormone?

iodine

What hormone is the body's metabolic hormones needed to oxidize glucose; necessary for mental and physical growth and development in which both contain iodine?

thyroid hormone (composed of thyroxine and tetraiodothyronine)

Thyroid hormone (composed of thyroxine and tetraiodothyronine) is produced in which gland?

thyroid gland

What hormone decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited in bones?

calcitonin

Calcitonin is produced in which gland?

thyroid gland

The parathyroid glands are 4 tiny glands on the ________ surface of the thyroid lobes

posterior surface

What hormone increases/regulates blood calcium levels; stimulates destruction of bone to release calcium?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced in which gland?

parathyroid gland

The suprarenal (adrenal) glands are two bean-shaped glands and are located where?

one on top of each kidney

The suprarenal (adrenal) gland are two glands in one. The glandular outer part is the:

cortex

The suprarenal (adrenal) gland are two glands in one. The neural inner part is the:

medulla

The 3 suprarenal cortex hormones are grouped as ________ hormones

steroid

Which hormone regulates sodium ion (Na+) and potassium ion (K+) reabsorption in kidney tubules (electrolyte balance)?

mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) are produced in which gland?

suprarenal (adrenal) cortex gland

The mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) keeps an H2O balance by ________ Na+ and _________ K+

conserving Na+ and secreting K+

Which hormone enables the body to resist long-term stress by increasing blood glucose levels and depressing inflammatory response?

glucocorticoids (cortisone and cortisol)

Glucocorticoids (cortisone and cortisol) are produced by which gland?

suprarenal (adrenal) cortex gland

Which suprarenal (adrenal) cortex gland is produced in small amounts?

gonadal (sex) hormones (gonadalcorticoids) such as androgen in males and estrogen in females)

Gonadal (sex) hormones (gonadalcorticoids) such as androgen in males and estrogen in females) are produced in which gland?

suprarenal (adrenal) cortex gland

Which hormones are stimulated by sympathetic nervous system; "fight or flight" response to short term stress; increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, increase blood glucose which increases size of blood cells in body?

suprarenal medulla hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Epinephrine and norepinephrine control which gland?

suprarenal (adrenal) medulla gland

The pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) is located where?

in the abdomen within duodenal loop

The pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) is a ______ gland meaning it plays part in which systems?

mixed gland; playing part in the endocrine (hormone-producing) and exocrine systems (enzyme-producing)

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

insulin

Insulin is produced in which gland?

pancreas

Which hormone raises blood glucose levels?

glucagon

Glucagon is produced in which gland?

pancreas

The pineal gland is located where?

in the roof of the 3rd ventricle at the midline of the brain which is superior and posterior to the pituitary

With age, what does the pineal gland do?

calcifies with age (in which it does not affect secretion of melatonin but can affect the amount of melatonin)

Which gland affects biological circadian cycle rhythms and reproductive behavior?

pineal gland

What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

melatonin

Melatonin is produced in which gland?

pineal gland

The thymus gland is located where?

upper thorax, behind the sternum

The thymus functions most active in _________

youth

The thymus atrophies (shrinks) and turns into fatty tissue in _______

old age

Lymphopoiesis (forming of lymphocytes/WBCs) continues throughout adult life in which gland?

thymus gland

What gland acts as an "incubator" for WBCs called T-lymphocytes that are important in the immune response for diseases (particularly HIV/AIDS)?

thymus gland

What hormone does the thymus gland produce?

thymosin

Thymosin is produced in which gland?

thymus gland

The gonads in a female are the ovaries and located where?

2 of them located in the pelvic cavity

What is the function of the gonads in the female?

produces ova (eggs) and two steroid hormones

Which hormone begins at puberty under the influence of FSH; that stimulates maturation of female reproductive organs and development of secondary sex characteristics; also causes menstrual cycle?

estrogen

Estrogen is produced in which gland?

female gonads

Which hormone works with estrogen to cause menstrual cycle; response to LH stimulation?

progesterone

Progesterone is produced in which gland?

female gonads

The gonads in a male are the testes and located where?

2 of them located in the scrotum outside the pelvic cavity

What is the function of the gonads in the male?

produce sperm and male sex hormones (androgens)

What hormone begins at puberty; stimulates maturation of male reproductive organs and development of male sex characteristics; in response to LH (ICSH) stimulation?

testosterone

Testosterone is produced in which gland?

male gonads

Which hormone is a compound of human male odor?

androsterone

Androsterone is produced in which gland?

male gonads

Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs

What is the temporary organ formed in the uterus during pregnancy?

placenta

The placenta produces ________ and __________ to maintain pregnancy and prepare breasts for lactation

estrogen and progestrone

Which system secretes hormones by the lining membrane of parts of the GI tract that stimulate other digestive glands to secrete?

digestive system

Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, and pancreozymin are examples of hormones that are secreted in which system?

digestive system

TSH, STH, ACTH, MSH, FSH, LH (females) or ICSH (males), and PRL (prolactin) hormones are all produced by which endocrine gland?

anterior pituitary gland

Oxytocin (pitocun) and ADH (vasopressin) are hormones produced by which endocrine gland?

posterior pituitary gland

Thyroxine, tetraiodothyronine, and calcitonin are hormones produced in which endocrine gland?

thyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone is a hormone produced in which endocrine gland?

parathyroid glands

Mineralocorticoid's (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisone or cortisol), and gonadal (sex) hormones or gonadalcorticoids (androgen or estrogen) are hormones produced in which endocrine gland?

suprarenal cortex