Topic #8: Central, Peripheral & Autonomic Nervous System

what is the CNS

brain and spinal cord

what is the PNS

somatic nerves & ganglia

what is the ANS

visceral nerves

what are the (4) parts of the brain

1. brain stem

2. diencephalon

3. cerebellum

4. cerebrum

what does the brain stem produce in the brain

rigidly programmed automatic survival behaviors

what does the diencephalon consists of in the gray matter

1. thalamus

2. hypothalamus

3. epithalamus

what is the cerebellum involved mainly in the brain

motor memory

what are the (4) regions that the cerebrum is divided into

1. frontal lobe

2. parietal lobe

3. temporal lobe

4. occipital lobe

function of the frontal lobe

• voluntary movement & planning

• eye movement

• speech production

• conscious decision making

• emotional response

function of the parietal lobe

• sensory processing

• spatial awareness

• understanding speech

function of the occipital lobe

processing of the visual information

function of the temporal lobe

processing of auditory & olfactory (smell)

what are the expansions of the brain’s central cavity called

ventricles

what are the ventricles filled with

CSF; lined with the ependymal cell

the spinal cord and nervous tissue in the brain are composed of what

gray and white matter

what is the cerebrum consists of

additional external layer of gray matter aka the cerebral cortex which is responsible for its functions

the brain is protected from injury due to external forces by what (3) things

1. skull

2. meninges

3. csf

what protects the brain from internal harm via substances carried in the blood

blood brain barrier

what are the (3) CT membranes that are directly external to the brain and spinal cord

1. dura mater

2. arachnoid mater

3. pia mater

what does the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater contain

CSF

the CSF in the brain fills in what part

ventricles

subarachnoid space

partial space b/w the two dura mater layers

what does the CSF help do in the brain

it protects and nourish neural tissue

what does the blood brain barrier do

it reduces permeability of the brain capillaries

what are the functions of the spinal cord of the CNS

• extends spinal nerves out to innervate the body- the sensory and motor

• the sensory & motor integration in gray matter represents a major center for reflexes in the CNS

What are spinal nerves

they are paired ventral & dorsal roots extend from spinal cord and they merge

what are the dorsal root ganglia

bulbous collections of sensory neuron cell bodies

what is the spinal cord is wrapped around for protection

meninges

what does the CSF help do in the spinal cord

it sits in b/w meningeal layers to help cushion & protect the soft spinal cord tissue

what is the spinal cord cushioned with

a layer of fatty tissue in the epidural space

what are the (2) categories of PNS

Free nerve endings

complete receptor cells

describe free nerve endings

monitor most types of sensory neurons- touch, pain, pressure, temp, proprioception

describe the complete receptor cells

• either epithelial cells or small neurons that transfer sense info to sensory neurons

• monitors special sense info like taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium

which type of receptor is “sense external environment stimuli”

exteroceptors

which type of receptor is “sense internal stimuli from viscera”

interoceptors

which type of receptor is “sense stretching of skeletal muscles, tendons, joints & ligaments”

proprioceptors

which stimulus type of for the “sense touch, pressure, stretching and vibrations”

mechanoreceptors

which stimulus type of for the “sense temp.”

thermoreceptors

which stimulus type of for the “sense chemical compounds (taste or smell)”

chemoreceptors

which stimulus type of for the “sense light”

photoreceptors

which stimulus type of for the “sense pain from tissue damage”

nociceptors

what are the two divisions of ANS

sympathetic

parasympathetic

what does the sympathetic division mobilize

the body during extreme situations like fear, exercise or rage

what does the parasympathetic division enable

the body to unwind and relax

it helps conserve body energy

what is referred pain

pain felt in one part of the body when the actual source of the problem or injury is located somewhere else