Physiology Mentoring Session Exam 2 Review

Endocrine glands derived from what tissue?

Epithelial tissue

Endocrine glands exist as what two forms?

Glands or single cells

Main function of primary endocrine organs

Hormone production and secretion

Hormone production means

Making the hormone

Hormone secretion means

Releasing hormone into blood

Primary endocrine organ definition

Main function is hormone production and secretion

Secondary endocrine organ definition

Hormone production is a secondary function

Primary endocrine organs

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads

Hypothalamus is part of what system

CNS

Two parts of pituitary gland

Anterior lobe and posterior lobe

Anterior pituitary name

Adenohypophysis

Posterior pituitary name

Neurohypophysis

Structure connecting hypothalamus to pituitary

Infundibulum

Which pituitary lobe makes hormones

Anterior pituitary

Which pituitary lobe stores/releases hormones

Posterior pituitary

Hormones released by posterior pituitary

ADH and oxytocin

Another name for ADH

Vasopressin

Function of ADH

Water balance and osmolarity

Function of oxytocin

Labor contractions and milk ejection

ADH produced in which nucleus

Supraoptic nucleus

Oxytocin produced in which nucleus

Paraventricular nucleus

Posterior pituitary function

Stores and releases hypothalamic hormones

Portal system definition

Blood vessel connecting two capillary beds

Portal system connects

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

What happens in capillaries

Hormone exchange

First step of hormone pathway

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus releases

Hypothalamic tropic hormones

Anterior pituitary releases

Anterior pituitary tropic hormones

Distant gland releases

Final hormone

Hormone that stimulates prolactin

PRH

Hormone that inhibits prolactin

Dopamine

Prolactin released from

Anterior pituitary

Function of prolactin

Milk production

TRH released from

Hypothalamus

TSH released from

Anterior pituitary

Thyroid hormones released from

Thyroid gland

Function of thyroid hormones

Increase metabolism

CRH released from

Hypothalamus

ACTH released from

Anterior pituitary

Cortisol released from

Adrenal cortex

Function of cortisol

Stress response and metabolism

GHRH released from

Hypothalamus

GH released from

Anterior pituitary

GH stimulates

IGF

Hormone that inhibits GH

Somatostatin

GnRH released from

Hypothalamus

LH and FSH released from

Anterior pituitary

Sex hormones released from

Gonads

Three controls of hormone release

Neural, hormonal, circadian

Neural input means

Sensory information

Hormonal input means

Negative feedback

Circadian control center

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Type of feedback regulating hormones

Negative feedback

Two feedback loops

Long loop and short loop

Pineal gland hormone

Melatonin

Melatonin released when

Night

Melatonin inhibited when

Day

Melatonin function

Circadian rhythm

Pineal gland controlled by

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Thyroid hormones

T3 and T4

T4 full name

Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine)

T3 full name

Triiodothyronine

Thyroid hormones needed for

Growth and nervous system development

Disease from lack of thyroid hormone

Cretinism

Calcitonin function

Lowers blood calcium

Parathyroid hormone

PTH

PTH function

Increases blood calcium

PTH prevents

Hypocalcemia

PTH targets

Bone, kidneys, intestines

Thymus hormone

Thymosin

Thymosin function

T-cell function

Adrenal gland parts

Cortex and medulla

Main mineralocorticoid

Aldosterone

Aldosterone secreted from

Zona glomerulosa

Aldosterone function

Sodium and potassium regulation

Main glucocorticoid

Cortisol

Cortisol secreted from

Zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

Cortisol functions

Stress response and metabolism

Adrenal sex hormones

Androgens

Androgens function

Reproductive function

Adrenal medulla cells

Chromaffin cells

Adrenal medulla main hormone

Epinephrine

Epinephrine percentage

80%

Norepinephrine percentage

20%

Dopamine percentage

Less than 1%

Adrenal medulla control

Neural

Pancreas functions

Exocrine and endocrine

Exocrine pancreas cells

Acinar and duct cells

Exocrine pancreas function

Secrete enzymes and fluid

Exocrine secretions go to

Digestive tract via pancreatic duct

Endocrine pancreas structures

Islets of Langerhans

Alpha cells release

Glucagon

Beta cells release

Insulin

Delta cells release

Somatostatin

F cells release

Pancreatic polypeptide

Heart hormone

ANP

Kidney hormone

EPO

GI tract hormones

Cholecystokinin, secretin, gastrin

Liver hormone

IGFs

Vitamin D3 produced by

Skin, liver, kidneys