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Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
Only genus and species in the Ginkgoaceae
Living trees can be incredibly old 3500 years (china)
Fossils date back 200 million years

Pinaceae: Pine Family
11 genera, 234 species
1 genus, 2 species (possibly 3) native to Arkansas
Mostly N. Hemisphere; warm temperate to above tree limit N. of Arctic Circle
Trees (some shrubs)
Tissues aromatic from abundant resin canals
(wood and leaves)
Leaves acicular (needle-shaped) or linear (flat or square)
deciduous or persistent (45 years)
alternate; may be twisted
solitary or in fascicles (Pinus)
Plants monoecious (both male and female cones on single individual)
Pollen usually saccate (bladders)
Male cones are deciduous after pollen release
Pinus Genus
Evergreen shrubs and trees
Cones conic or cylindric; scales armed or unarmed
Hybridization and introgression common
Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris)
Non-native in AR
Needles 20-50 cm long, seed cones 15-25 cm long

Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)
Non-native in AR
Needles 4-23 cm long, seed cones up to 15 cm long
Needles grouped in fascicles of 5, seed cones lacking a prickle at the tip of each scale

Shortleaf/Yellow Pine (Pinus echinata)
Native to AR
Needles 7-12 cm long, seed cones 4-6 cm long, bark plates with conspicuous resin pockets, majority of fascicles with 2 needles

Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda)
Native to AR
Needles 13-23 cm long, seed cones 6-15 cm long, bark plates lacking resin pockets, majority of fascicles with 3 needles

Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana)
Non-native to AR
Needles grouped only in fascicles of 2
Needles 4-8 cm long, strongly twisted

Spruce Pine (Pinus glabara)
(Possibly) Native to AR
Needles grouped only in fascicles of 2
Needles not twisted
Tight bark

Cupressaceae: Redwood and Cypress Family
Cosmopolitan; mostly Northern Hemisphere; warm to cold temperate
30 genera, 152 species
2 genera, 3 species native to Arkansas
Shrubs to large trees (112m tall & 11.4m in diameter at base);aromatic; wood may be rot-resistant
Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, Linear or scales (minute)
Plants monoecious or dioecious (Juniperus)
Female cones woody, leathery or fleshy
Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum)
Monoecious
Leaves simple, alternate
Deciduous
Often dominate flooded forests
Individual trees can be up to 2500 years old!!!!!
Buttress roots
Pneumatophores (Cypress knees)

Juniperus Genus
Shrubs to small trees
Bark reddish-brown
Dioecious
Leaves heteroblastic (juvenile leaves differ from mature leaves)
Juvenile leaves: needles
Mature leaves: scales
Cones globose; fleshy, small; with few fleshy scales fused into a berry-like cone
Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus virginiana)
Native to AR
Turns brownish red during the winter
Pollen cones (male)
Seed cones (female)

Ashes Juniper (Juniperus ashei)
Native to AR
Not as common in Arkansas, often restricted to areas of shallow soils with exposed bedrock
Remains green throughout the winter
Seed cones are larger than J. virginiana (6-9mm wide)

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)
Native to AR
bark w/ lenticels
leaves alternate, simple
finely serrated leaves
white flowers (look like Honey-Suckles)

Southern Red Oak (Quercus falcata)
Native to AR
Leaves alternate, simple
sharp bristles at ends of leaves, bell-shaped base

Blackjack Oak (Quercus marilandica)
Native to AR
Leaves alternate, simple
sharp bristles

Swamp Chestnut Oak (Quercus michauxii)
Native to AR
Leaves alternate, simple
unlobed, 10-15 rounded teeth on each side
oblong acorns
fuzzy leaves

Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida)
Native to AR
Leaves opposite, simple
blocky bark

Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)
Native to AR
leaves simple, alternate
bulbous flowers
blocky bark

White Oak (Quercus alba)
Native to AR
leaves simple, alternate
loose, flakey light bark
long acorns

Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
Native to AR
leaves simple, alternate
looks like maple leaves
spikey balls

Winged Elm (Ulmus alata)
Native to AR
leaves simple, alternate
twigs have corky wings

Willow Oak (Quercus phellos)
Native to AR
leaves simple, alternate
thin and unlobed leaves

Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis)
Native to AR
leaves simple, alternate
legumes
pink/purple flowers in the early spring

Water Oak (Quercus nigra)
Native to AR
leaves simple, alternate
leaves unlobed/barely lobed at top

Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)
Native to AR
leaves simple, alternate
smells like fruitloops
some leaves lobed, some unlobed

Post Oak (Quercus stellata)
Native to AR
leaves simple, alternate
T-shaped lobed leaves
very few lobes beneath 2 main lobes
lighter bark, parallel furrows

Winged Sumac (Rhus copallinum)
Native to AR
Leaves oddly-pinnately compound, alternate
twigs with red lenticels
rachis winged
red or green berries

Smooth Sumac (Rhus glabra)
Native to AR
Leaves oddly-pinnately compound, alternate
red or green berries

Black Willow (Salix nigra)
Native to AR
Leaves alternate, simple
many narrow, pointed leaves, unlobed
long yellow flowers

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)
Native to AR
Leaves alternate, odd pinnately compound (9-17 leaflets)
pecan shells have winged sutures

Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum)
Native to AR
Leaves simple, opposite
paired samaras

Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis)
Native to AR
Leaves simple, alternate
base of leaves asymmetrical
bark w/ blocky protrusions

Sweetbay Magnolia (Magnolia virginiana)
Native to AR
Leaves simple, alternate (sometimes whorled)

Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Native to AR
Leaves simple, alternate
4-lobed leaves, look like tulips

Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)
Native to AR
Leaves simple, alternate
leaves are toothed and look like maple
bark comes off in sheets, white underneath

Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)
Native to AR
Leaves alternate, pinnately compound (15-23 leaves)
green, round fruits

River Birch (Betula nigra)
Native to AR
Leaves alternate, simple
peeling bark
toothed leaves

Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos)
Native to AR
Leaves alternate, pinnately compound and double-pinnately compound
thorns on trunks/branches
large seed pods

White Mulberry (Morus alba)
Native to AR
Leaves alternate, simple
leaves are asymmetrical, toothed

Sawtooth Oak (Quercus acutissima)
Non-native to AR
Leaves alternate, simple
leaves narrow (like Willow Oak), many sharp teeth w/ bristles
acorns have stringy attachments

Fagaceae: Beech Family
Global Diversity: 927 species, 8-10 genera
Habitat: mainly Northern Hemisphere (temperate & tropical)
3 genera native to AR, 30 species
Fagus:1 spp
Castana: 2 spp
Quercus: 27 spp
2 non-natives: Chinese Chestnut and Sawtooth Oak
American Beech (Fagus grandifola)
Native to AR, only true Beech in AR
leaves simple, alternate
bark smooth, lighter color
spikey cupule fruit (bur)

Ozark Chinquapin (Castanea ozarkenis)
Native to AR
leaves alternate, simple
dry upland woodlands, bluffs, glade margins

Allegheny Chinquapin (Castanea pumila)
Native to AR, not in Craighead CO
leaves/spines on cupules smaller than Ozark Chinquapin

White Oak Group
10 Species native to AR
6 Species native to Craighead/surrounding CO
no bristles
acorns have less tannins, preferred by mammals
Overcup Oak (Quercus lyrat)
Native to AR
Leaves alternate, simple
similar to Post Oak, sharper margins, thinner leaves
acorn has top covering most of nut

Chinquapin Oak (Quercus muehlenbergii)
Native to AR
leaves alternate, simple
dry to mesic forests
serrated like a swamp chestnut, more sharp edges and smaller leaves
lack hairs on leaves

Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa)
Native to AR, not in Craighead
leaves simple, alternate
thick, protruding bark
acorns have stringy tops
leaves similar to Overcup Oak

Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra)
Native to AR
leaves simple, alternate
bark has light stripes
large acorns
prominent bristles (Red Oak)

Black Oak (Quercus veluntina)
Native to AR
leaves alternate, simple
leaves are very variable
hairs on undersides of leaves
very dark bark
acorn cap covers most of nut

Native to AR
leaves alternate, simple
bark has less furrows than other oaks
smaller leaves, very prominent bristles
Pin Oak (Quercus palustrus)
Native to AR
leaves alternate, simple
small, striped acorns
lower branches droop down

Cherrybark Oak (Quercus pagota)
Native to AR
leaves alternate, simple
3 main triangle-shaped lobes w/ deep furrows
branches have lenticels

Nuttall Oak (Quercus texana)
Native to AR
leaves alternate, simple
acorns longer than wide, often w/ vertical stripes

Laurel Oak (Quercus laurifolia)
Native to AR
leaves alternate, simple
swamp/bottomland forest
similar to Willow Oak/Water Oak, wider leaves

Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea)
Native to AR
leaves alternate, simple
leaves are bright orange/red
acorns have “halos“ at the base

Red Oak Group
bristles present
Total number of species native to AR: 17
Total species in Craighead/adjacent Counties: 7
Maple Leaf Oak: endemic to AR (not in Craighead CO), conservation concern
Ulmaceae: Elm Family
6-7 genera, 45 species
Siberian Elm and Chinese Elm invasive in AR
Water Elm (Planera aquatica)
Native to AR
only species in genus Planera
bottomland habitat
drupe fruits ripe in april, corky protrusions
leaves simple, alternate
irregularly serrated
shaggy bark
samara fruits

Genus Ulmus
35-45 accepted species
AR: 6 species, 1 species of concern
4 species in Craighead CO
1 additional species in Poinsett CO
Cedar Elm (Ulmus crassifola)
upper sides of leaves are scabrous (sandpapery)
can also have wings
apex is more rounded than Winged Elm
fruits in fall (Sept.-Nov.)

American Elm (Ulmus americana)
large leaves
leaf base asymmetrical, double-serrated
leaf vein does not have prominent forks, 3 or less if present
samara fruits
bark is red and tan in cross section

Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubrus)
leaves same size of American Elm
forked veins @ leaf margins
samara fruits (March & April)
bark layered, not as contrasting

September Elm (Ulmus serotina)
native to Craighead CO
only Elm that flowers in Fall
samaras ripe in Oct.
leaves very similar to American/Slippery Elm

Salicaceae: Willow Family
woody shrubs/trees
Catkin fruits
2 genera, 8 species native to AR
Populus and Salix genera
1 invasive and 2 species of concern
Genus Populus
30-34 species
variety of diff habitats in N. hemisphere
2 species native to AR, 1 invasive
large leaves, simple, alternate
Swamp Cottonwood (Populus heterophylla)
native to AR
capsule fruits in catkins
leaves serrated
base is uneven, heart-shaped

Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)
native to AR
rounded serrations
round, heart-shaped

White Poplar (Populus alba)
invasive in AR
bark very light, look like Aspens

Sandbar Willow (Salix interior)
Native to AR
lower leaf surface green
leaf margins with teeth widely spaced
capsules arranged in catkins
shrubs/trees
wetland species

Prairie Willow (Salix humilus)
Native to AR
prairies, dry forests, glades
shrubs
lower leaf surface lighter
wavy margins

Silky Willow (Salix sericia)
Native to AR, conservation concern
lower leaf surface pubescent, white

Carolina Willow (Salix caroliniana)
Native to AR
lower leaf surface white
glabrous (no hairs)
simple, alternate
stipules present and showy

Missouri Willow (Salix humilis)
Native to AR, not Craighead CO
lower leaf surface bluish-grey
leaves elliptic to ovoid, wider than most willows
stipules present and showy
areas of running water

Annonaceae: Custard Apple Family
108 genera, 2400 species
largely tropical and subtropical
2 species native to AR
Soursops and Paw Paws
PawPaw (Asimina tribola)
Native to AR
small trees
flowers Aug-Oct, smells like rotten flesh to attract flies
large leaves, simple, alternate
fruits-berry

Dwarf PawPaw (Asimina parviflora)
Native to AR, only southwest region (conservation concern)
small leaves, simple, alternate
very small flowers/fruits
dry upland

Cannibaceae: Hemp Family
11 genera, 170 species
Celtis genus is the only woody genus
Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)
Native to AR
Leaves simple, alternate w/ 3 prominent veins
corky worts
drupe fruits (Apr-May)

Moraceae: Mulberry Family
37 genera, 1200 species
AR: 2 genera, 2 species, 1 invasive genera/species
Osage-Orange (Maclura pomifera)
Native to AR, only in southwest region
bark is orange-brown, furrowed
leaves simple, alternate
fruits multiples of achenes, bright green (not edible)

Red Mulberry (Morus rubra)
Native to AR
leaves simple, alternate, leaf lobes very variable
leaves serrated
fruits multiple of achenes
