Theriogenology - Exam 3: Pull This, Then That . . . NOT THAT!

The branch of medicine concerned with the care of the female during pregnancy is what?

Obstetrics

When the fetus's HPA axis matures, what happens to estrogen and progesterone?

Progesterone decreases and estrogen increases

What is the inciting event that leads to myometrial contractions and parturition?

Fetal stress (cortisol)

What are the three uterine stages' general descriptions?

Stage 1: uterine contraction and fetal positioning

Stage 2: release of allantoic fluid

Stage 3: expulsion of membranes

What is the number one cause of bovine dystocia?

Management

What percentage of fetuses present caudal longitudinally (normal)?

25%

You should help when there is no progression over what period of time?

30 minutes (slide originally said 1 hour, but he corrected it)

A fetotomy should not take more than how many cuts?

4

What are the four possible presentations?

Cranial longitudinal

Caudal longitudinal

Transverse dorsal

Transverse ventral

What are the four possible positions?

Dorsosacral

Dorsopubic

Dorsoilial right

Dorsoilial left

What are the two possible postures per limb?

Extended

Retained

What are the three differentials if you have four legs coming out at once?

Transverse ventral

Twins

Schistosomas reflexus

What are the four mutations that can help you reposition a fetus?

Version (change orientation for malpresentation)

Detorsion (turn on longitudinal axis)

Repulsion (push back to make room)

Extension (straighten flexed limb/head)

What is a good place to grab a fetus's head?

The eye sockets

What drugs are useful in dystocia?

Lidocaine epidural

Epinephrine to relax uterus

What type of lube is toxic if it enters the peritoneum?

J-lube

How much colostrum does a newborn need?

10% of bodyweight or at least 200 g of IgG within 12 hours

What genetic disorder of calves will prevent them from drinking?

Cleft palate

T/F: You should separate the calf and dam as soon as possible to prevent contamination

False, need to let them bond

What must you always leave yourself during a fetotomy?

A handle

What is the purpose of the fetotome?

Protect dam when threading wire

What is the primary indication for C-section?

Fetal oversize!

What nerve block is used during a left standing C-section?

Paravertebral nerve block

What is the primary focus when sewing up a C-section?

Tight seal

What are the advantages of a ventral midline C-section?

Best exposure, least contamination

The placenta is usually expelled within how many hours?

2 hours

Retained placenta occurs due to failure of what?

Cotyledon villi to release from the caruncle tissue

Caruncles present on the (maternal/fetal) endometrial surface while cotyledons present on the (maternal/fetal) side

Maternal; fetal

Bovine placenta's are considered retained after how many hours?

12

Retained placenta occurs more in what breed?

Dairy

T/F: Most retained placenta cows will present systemically ill

False

Retained placenta predisposes to what disease that can decrease reproductive efficacy?

Metritis

T/F: Progressive liquefactive putrefaction is a sign that the cow is systemically ill

False, systemically well as it breaks down membranes

T/F: You should use manual traction and uterine lavage to remove retained placenta

False

What period of time is the transition period?

3 weeks before calving to 3 weeks after

Infection limited to the endometrium is called what?

Endometritis

T/F: Cows with endometritis are systemically okay

True

What is the main clinical sign of endometritis?

Prurulent discharge after 21 days post-partum

What test can you run do help diagnose subclinical endometritis?

Uterine cytology

How do we treat endometritis?

PGF2a to empty uterus

T/F: Intrauterine antibiotics can be used to treat endometritis

False

Describe normal lochia

Reddish brown without odor

Inflammation of all layer of the uterus within 21 days post-partum is what?

Metritis

What are the three types of metritis?

Subclinical

Clinical

Puerperal (septic)

What are the predisposing factors of metritis?

Anything that delays involution

What is the most common isolate of metritis?

E. coli

What isolate usually causes metritis greater than 2 weeks post-partum?

Trueperella pyogenes

What is abnormal about uterine discharge from metritis?

Strong odor

The period between birth and complete uterine involution is what?

Puerperium

Puerperal metritis usually occurs within what time frame?

Within first two weeks

What is often the first sign of puerperal metritis?

Decreased milk and appetite

What is the treatment of subclinical metritis?

Ecbolics and C/S

What is the treatment of puerperal metritis?

Systemic antibiotics

Anti-inflammatories

IV fluids

PGF2a

Treat animals signs

Purulent material in either or both arms of the uterus is called what?

Pyometra

What causes pyometra in cattle?

Early ovulation during involution or sexually transmitted

How is pyometra treated?

PGF2a

Calves with fixed, rigid, or twisted joints come from what disease?

Arthrogryposis

What toxin ingested at 40 - 70 days of gestation will cause arthrogryposis?

Lupines

What are the characteristics of Arthorgryposis Multiplex?

Small for age and diminished muscle mass

Still born with skeletal abnormalities and "spidery" appearance is what?

Bovine arachnomelia syndrome

Bovine citrullinemia is an inherited disorder of what process?

Urea cycle

What dwarfism is usually aborted at 7 months?

Dexter bulldog dwarfism

What species' dwarfs appears normal at birth but fails to grow, leading to short legs and thick bodies?

Aberdeen Angus

What condition occurs after a slightly prolonged gestation then a stillbirth, with a shortened spine?

Brachyspina

Abnormal development of the vertebrae leading to short neck and stillbirth is what condition?

Complex vertebral malformation

What non-lethal condition can have a normal birth, but has reduced elasticity of connective tissue?

Congenital contractual arachnodactyly

What breed and gene are affected by crooked tail syndrome?

Belgian blue and MRC2 gene

Early embryonic mortality during implantation in the uterus can occur due to deficiency of what?

Uridine monophosphate synthase

Extra limbs that originate from the neck or back is what?

Developmental duplication

Spontaneous and stimulus-responsive spasm that are prenatal is what condition?

Inherited congenital myoclonus

What condition involves incompletely formed ligaments, muscles, and tendons in Jersey cattle?

Limber leg

Partial or complete agenesis of the lumbar area is what condition?

Perosomus Elumbis

Non-division or fusion of the digits is what condition?

Syndactylism (mule foot disease)

Spinal inversion with exposure of viscera is what condition?

Schistosomus reflexus

What Is indicated for treatment of

Schistosomus reflexus?

C-section on ventral midline

Extreme subcutaneous edema and poorly formed lungs, leading to dystocia is associated with what condition?

Pulmonary hypoplasia and anasarca

Formation of spherical structure covered with hairy skin is what condition?

Amorphous globosus

Pregnancy loss before what day is considered type 1 AOS?

42 days

What teratogenic plant causes abortion, premature birth, uterine edema, and anorexia?

Gutierrezia (broomweed)

Name three teratogenic plant with a piperidine alkaloid that is a neuromuscular blocking agent leading to multiple congenital contractures between day 40 and 70?

Lupinus formosus (lupines)

Conium maculatum (poison hemlock)

Nicotiana glauca (Tree tobacco)

What Teratogenic plant contains cyclopamine which decreases heart rate and blood pressure, leading to prolonged fetal development and cyclops?

Veratrum californicum

What are two pre-disposing factors to vaginal prolapse?

Prepartum and multiparous

Describe a grade 1 vaginal prolapse

Floor protrudes intermittently

Describe a grade 2 vaginal prolapse

Floor protrudes permanently

Describe a grade 3 vaginal prolapse

Cervix and floor protrude

Describe a grade 4 vaginal prolapse

Prolonged prolapse leading to necrosis

Which suture pattern must be removed prior to calving?

Buhner

Buhner pattern mimics what muscle?

Constrictor vestibuli

What pattern anchors both sides of the dorsal vagina?

Minchev technique

What is the advantage of the Minchev tenchnique over the buhner?

Does not restrict vaginal opening

What more permanent repair requires two surgeons and will not interfere with parturition?

Modified Winkler's Cerviopexy

What alternative to the buhner method has less inflammation and is easier to perform?

Prolapse pins

T/F: You can performa a caslick's on a cow

True, but only for grade one and recurrence is likely

What key finding can distinguish uterine prolapse from vaginal prolapse?

Caruncles (pepperoni)

What sequela of uterine prolapse can lead to hypovolemic shock?

Uterine artery rupture

T/F: If a client has a cow with uterine prolapse, you should suggest they come by trailer ASAP

False, trailer rides can rupture the uterine artery, you should go to them

What electrolyte imbalance can predispose to uterine prolapse?

Hypocalcemia

Once you reduce the uterus, what should you give to prevent recurrence?

Oxytocin

T/F: Uterine prolapse predisposes the animal to recurrence

False, recurrence is not more likely after prolapse

What option for small ruminants can help retain a prolapse?

Plastic prolapse retainer or retention harness