Turf Bowl

A Horizon

Topmost mineral layer; where up to 80% of roots reside

Active Acidity

Activity of H ion in aqueous phase of soil; measured by pH

Potential acidity

Amount of exchangeable H ions from soil sites

Aerobic

Having molecular oxygen as part of environment

Aggregate

Many soil particles held together in a single mass

Air porosity

Proportion of soil volume filled with air at any time

Alluvium, alluvial, etc

Sand, soil, much, etc, deposited by moving streams

Anaerobic

Absence of molecular oxygen

Anion

Ion carrying a negative electrical charge

Available water

Portion of water in soil available for plant use

Base-saturation%

Extent the exchangeable part of soil is saturated w base cations

Bulk Density

Mass of dry soil per unit volume

Capillary Water

Water held in the capillary or small pores

Cation

Ion carrying a positive electrical charge

Cation exchange cap.

Sum total of exchangeable cations that a soil can absorb

Clay

Soil separate equal to 0.002 mm or smaller in diameter

Colloid

Organic or clay particles equal/smaller than 0.001 mm in diameter

Colluvium

Gravity deposited soil/rock

Compaction

Compressing soil so that air space is minimized

Edaphic

Pertaining to the soil

Elluviation

Loss of material from one layer to another within the soil

Fallow

Cropland left idle in order to restore productivity

Field Capacity

Percentage water left in soil after gravity has drained it; 2-3 days

Gravitational Water

Water that moves into, through, or out of soil due to gravity

Ground water

Portion of water that is free to move under the influence of gravity

Hue

Soil color variable

Hydrologic cycle

Revolving cycle of water for precipitation to evaporation to condensation

Hygroscopic Water

Vapor phase of water, existing just above oven-dry state

Illuviation

Process of deposition into a layer

Infiltration

Downward movement of water into the soil

Infiltration rate

Rate at which water moves into the soil

Ions

Electrically charged atoms or group of atoms

Leaching

The removal of materials in solution from the soil

Loess

Silt-sized soil particles deposited by wind

Moraine

Accumulation of soil material left by glaciers

Mottling

Spots of blotches of different colors in a soil

Oven-dry soil

Soil dried at 105 C until it reaches a constant weight

Particle density

Mass per unit wt of individual soil particles

Percolation

Downward movement of water through soil

Permeability

Ease at which water, air, roots can move through soil

pH

Negative algorithm of H ion in soil solution

Porosity

Volume % of total bulk not occupied by solid particles

Soil Profile

Vertical section of soil through its horizons

Relief

Elevations of the land surface

Rock

Complex mineral aggregate

Sand

Soil particle being between 0.05 & 2.0 mm in diameter

Saturate

To fill all the voids in soil w a liquid

Silt

Soil particle being between 0.002 & 0.05 mm in diameter

Slope

The incline of the surface of a soil

Soil monolith

A verticle section of soil profile removed and displayed

Soil pores

Part of soil bulk volume not occupied by soil particles

Tensiometer

Device for measuring negative pressures in soil in place

Water table

Upper surface of ground water

Wilting point

Soil moisture level at which plants wilt and can not be revived

Disease

Condition formed by a continuous interaction between. Causal agent and a host agent

Biotic

living agent

Abiotic

non living agent

Symptoms

The visible reaction to a disease

Fungi

Small, threadlike organisms composed of tiny filaments that cannot manufacture their own food

Bacteria

Microscopic single celled organisms with cell walls

Prokaryotes

Bacteria without an organized nucleus

Eukaryotes

Bacteria with an organized nucleus

Nematodes

Small eel like worms that lack eyes

Stylet

What do nematodes use to stab plants and extract their contents

Phytoplasma

Prokaryote with no cell wall

Viruses

Obligate parasites that can only be viewed with an electron microscope

Nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) and a protective protein coat

Viruses are composed of

Host pathogen environment

3 parts of the disease triangle

Saprophytes

Fungi that feed on dead organic matter

Parasites

Fungi that feed on a living host

Obligate

Pathogens that live in association with a host doing little to no harm

Facultative

Pathogens that infect or cause harm to a host

Foliar, stem and crown, and root diseases

3 main types of plant diseases

Ectotrophic root infecting

ETRI disease

Phosphonates

Fungicides with phosphorous acid

They are truly systemic

Phosphonates MOA

Contact and Systemic

Most likely mixture of fungicides

Crown and root

Type or types of diseases that require a large spray volume

Plants typically contain about what percentage of water by weight

75-85%

Plants begin to die within a short period of time when their water content reaches about what percentage

60-65%

Transpiration

Water is lost as vapor from the leaves, to the atmosphere, by the process of transpiration.

Evaporation

Water lost by soil and leaf surfaces

Evapotranspiration (ET)

The combined total water lost through transpiration and evaporation is termed

Atmometer (ET gauge or Bellani plate)

Can be used to estimate evaporative demand

Distribution Uniformity

The netirrigation requirement is affected by irrigation system efficiency or

Water Soluble Salts

Total salt content as measured by the electrical conductivity or total dissolved salts of water

Sodium Absorption Ratio

Soil sodium level proportionally to Ca and Mg ions is measured by

Alkalinity

Bicarbonates and carbonates as measured by residual sodium carbonate (RSC)

Suspended Solids

Measured by total suspended solids (TSS)

Electrical conductivity (EC), or total dissolved solids (TDs)

Two ways in which salinity is expressed

Milliequivalents

Describe the molecular weight adjusted for the valence number (number of positive charges) of the ion

Pure water

strips minerals from cation exchange capacity (CEC) sites, causing dispersed particles to settle closely next to each other

Deflocculation

High soil sodium causes finer-textured soil and organic matter to disperse and is known as

Sodic soils

soils that contain high exchangeable sodium

Saline-sodic

Soils that contain both high soluble salts and high exchangeable sodium

exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)

Identifies the degree or portion of the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) occupied or saturated by sodium

ESP

Indicates the probability a soil will disperse, thereby reducing the permeability of soil to water and air

Sodicity

Refers to high concentration of sodium (Na+)

Salinity

Refers to high concentration of total salts

Saline soils

most common type of salt-affected soil and are easiest to reclaim