Chapter 6 By-Products of the Meat Industry

What is the approximate % value of livestock by-product

10%

What do most steers grade?

Choice

What do most Lambs grade?

Choice

What do most Hogs grade?

U.S #1

What animal has the highest yield of dressed carcass by pounds?

Steer (660lbs)

What animal has the lowest yield of dressed carcass by pounds?

Lambs (50lbs)

What animal has the highest yield of retail cuts by pounds?

Steers (420lbs)

What animal has the lowest yield of retail cuts by pounds?

Lambs (35lbs)

(true/false) Hogs yield a high amounts of pelt by pounds

FALSE, the skin of a pig is usually left on during slaughter as their hides aren’t removed for leather purposes. (sometimes gelatin)

What animal yields the most by-products by weight? why?

Steers, because they’re bigger

What animal yields the least by-products by weight? why?

Lambs, because they’re smaller

What is the most valuable byproduct of a steer?

Inedible tallow

What used to be the most valuable product of a steer?

the hide

Which is more valuable, a Texas steer hide or a Colorado steer hide?

Texas steer hide, since we don’t have brand laws

(true/false) Steer/heifer hides differ from cow hides

True

What does a typical steer weigh?

1400 lbs

What’s the term for unbranded hide?

Native

What’s the most valuable hide?

Native, unbranded

What does hide (calves and cattle) get processed into and what is its use?

Leather

• leather goods

Glue

• paper boxes, sandpaper, plywood sizing

Hair

• Felts, plaster binder, upholstery

What does pork skins get processed into and what is its use?

tanned skin

• leather goods

What does sheep pelts get processed into and what is its use?

Wool

• textiles

Skin

• leather goods

Lanolin

• ointments

What does fats from cattle, calves, lambs, and sheep get processed into and what is its use?

Inedible tallow

• industrial oils, lubricants, soap, glycerin

What does fats from cattle, calves, lambs, sheep, and hogs get processed into and what is its use?

Tankage, cracklings, stick

• Livestock and poultry feeds

What does fat from hogs get processed into and what is its use?

Grease

• industrial oils

What do bones get processed into and what is its use?

Dry bone

• Glue, hardening steel, refining sugar (bone charcoal)

Bone meal

• animal feed & fertilizer

Blood albumen

• Leather preparations, textile sizing

What do cattle feet get processed into and what is its use?

Neatsfoot stock

• finer lubricants

Neatsfoot oil

• leather preparations

What do glands get processed into and what is its use?

Pharmaceuticals

• medicines

Enzyme preparations

• industrial uses

What do lungs get processed into and what is its use?

Pet foods

• food for pets, duh

What’s the difference between skin and hide?

Skin = light amount

Hide = heavy amount

What is an unborn calf’s skin called?

Slunk skin

What is the most luxurious hide and why?

Slunk skin because it’s never been exposed to anything but their mothers

What’s the least valuable hide?

Colorado branded hide

What is the most valuable pelt of a sheep called? (classification)

Wool pelt

What is the Least valuable pelt of a sheep called? (classification)

Shearlings 4

define Titer

Congealing or solidification point of fatty acids in the fat

What is the titer for fat in tallow?

Fat having a titer above 40 degrees C

What is the titer for fat in Grease?

Fat having a titer below 40 degrees C

What is the dry rendering process?

Fatty tissues are placed in horizontal, steam-jacketed cylinder equipped with sets of internal rotating blades. Fat cells are ruptured, and the melted fat is released from the supporting tissues. When sufficient moisture has cooked out, the mixture is filtered or strained to remove the cracklings from the rendered tallow or grease.

What types of meals make up animal feeds and fertilizers?

Dried blood (blood meal)

Meat meal

Steamed bone meal

What is dried blood meal made form?

Made from coagulating fresh blood with steam, draining off the liquid, and drying the coagulum.

What is meat meal made form?

Made from the proteinaceous materials from the inedible rendering process.

What is steamed bone meal made form?

Made by cooking bones with steam, under a high pressure, in order to remove any fat and meat that may be left on them.

What livestock industries usually gets fed meat meal and bone meal

Poultry and pork

What is glue made form?

Made from skins or hides, but is extracted from these materials by successive heatings in water under specific temperature conditions.

What is gelatin made form?

Made from skins or hides, connective tissues, cartilage, and bones of cattle and calves. Cooking in water converts the collagen in these materials to gelatin.

What are the different glands made into pharmaceuticals

~ Adrenal

~ Ovaries

~ Pancreas

~ Parathyroid

~ Pituitary

~ Testes

~ Thyroid

What pharmaceuticals is made from the adrenal gland

Epinephrine is extracted from the adrenal medulla nd adrenocortical extract from the adrenal cortex.

What pharmaceuticals is made from the ovary gland

Used as a source of estrogens and progesterone.

What pharmaceuticals is made from the pancreas gland

Yields insulin and trypsin

What pharmaceuticals is made from the Parathyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone extract is used to prevent large-scale muscular rigidity.

What pharmaceuticals is made from the Pituitary gland

Source of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).

What pharmaceuticals is made from the testes gland

Source of hyaluronidase.

What pharmaceuticals is made from the Thyroid gland

Source of thyroxine and calcitonin.

What Tissues and Organs can be made into pharmaceuticals?

~ Blood

~ Bone

~ Intestines

~ liver

~ lungs

~ spinal cord

~ stomach

What pharmaceuticals are made from blood?

Source of albumin and amino acids.

What pharmaceuticals are made from bones?

Source of calcium and phosphorous.

What pharmaceuticals are made from intestines?

Surgical sutures and condoms.

What pharmaceuticals are made from livers?

Liver extracts and bile extract, which can be used to make cortisone.

What pharmaceuticals are made from Lungs?

Heparin

What pharmaceuticals are made from the spinal cord?

Source of cholesterol, which is used to manufacture Vitamin D.

What pharmaceuticals are made from Stomach?

Rennet, from calves, mucin, from pigs, and pepsin, from pigs.

What other by-products are used for pharmaceutical purposes?

~ Fetal calf blood

~ Aorta valves

~ fetal pigs

~ gall stones

what is fetal calf blood used for pharmaceutically?

Cancer and AIDS research

what are aorta valves for pharmaceutically?

For replacement of defective human heart valves.

what are fetal pigs used for pharmaceutically?

Used for biology teaching.

what are gall stones used for pharmaceutically?

Used as aphrodisiacs in the Far East.