All

Delinquency

Merely a label for criminal behavior

-different labels and different systems

You criminals= _______________

Delinquents

This type of crime can only be committed by juvenile

Status offense

Females commit __________ status offenses at the juvenile level

More

Ignored to when our behavior is considered delinquent

True

False

False

Sometimes delinquent behavior is ignored in order to avoid them being categorized

Labeling theory

Most youth/regular delinquents are not considered extremely good or bad

True

False

True

Juvenile case has been heard an adult court, but started in juvenile court

Transfer or waiver

Reasoning for juvenile being heard an adult court

Judicial efficiency

Minimum age for juveniles to be considered to be heard an adult court (for most states)

14

This system:

-phone number of arrest sent to the FBI

-cannot capture dark figure of crime

-only crimes known to the police

UCR

Difference in part one and part two of UCR

Part one: serious crimes, specific known information

Part two: less severe crimes, other crimes, not listed in part one (status defenses, property crime)

This system:

-modern UCR

-more information, especially about victim(s) and offender(s)

-crimes against persons, society, property

National incident based reporting system

This system provides information from victims, not through law-enforcement

NCVS-National crime victimization survey

What's the most prevalent form of defending in juveniles?

Property crimes

Do males or females dominate the court system in juvenile court?

Males

Why do delinquency cases today far exceed four decades ago?

Technology

Juvenile court is filled with Asian Americans

True

False

False

Black youth is over represented in the court system

True

False

True

Many youths are sentenced to confinement

True

False

False

Self support measures are useful and understanding behavior and ask about

- _____________ background

-______________ status

-friends___________

-family

-economic

-behavior

1-6: no crime

7-13: ________________

14-> crime

Rebuttal presumption

MTF focus

Drug use but also probes delinquent behavior

MTF in the national youth survey address issues in earlier surveys such as

-include more serious offenses

-elicit fewer positive responses

What are the most recent self reports for MTF?

Minor criminal is up and serious. Offending is down.

(Kids have hours to kill after school)

Which measure is best

No single method is better/depends on what questions being asked

Official records are useful for studying official____________

Processing (how many males versus females are in the prison)

-allow inspection of changes overtime(life course perspective)

this kind of data:

-measures the delinquency based on an offenders viewpoint

-can a dress behavior is not resulting in arrest

Self-reported data

Juvenile justice is a relatively _____________ invention

Recent

-1st Cook County

-youth=same system as adults

- youthful="criminals"

Prior to the late 1800s

-crimes and misbehavior by use are redefined is separate and distinct from adult offenses

-"delinquency" is born

-new methods of social control

Early 1900s

Most of history, kids were considered _____________, not children

Property

0-5/6: _________________________________

7: became full-fledged members of society and expected to act as an adult

property, could be bought/sold

Indifferent to children:

- shorter _______________ expectancy

- children were considered burdens, especially for big families

-it was a defense mechanism for parents because the kids could die

Life

Killing a young children

Infanticide

Infanticide was more common with females because they were more economically ____________

Burdensome

dowery

money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage

A surrogate mother paid to care for a child

Wet nursing(usually in wealthy families)

-poor women would kill their offspring to sell milk

Sale of use by family(not always slavery)

Involuntary servitude/apprenticeship

-promoted as providing labor for those in need

-little amount of adults survived infancy

-no period of education separating the young from adults

-youth participated in adult activities(drinking, dueled,sex)

-legally subject, the same rules and regs as adults, no separate court, you could be sentenced to death

Status of young adults in middle ages to 1700s, pre-industrialization

Jury nullification

a jury's refusal to render a verdict according to the law and fact regardless of the evidence presented

-common with unpopular law or sympathetic defendant (old lady who gardens)

Refusal to enforce the law against children because no penalties specifically for juveniles(no middle ground)

Nullification

Children had no special treatment throughout most of history

True

False

True

____________________ =Young= needing assistance/guidance in order to grow up "uncorrupted"

Clergy and scholars

Catalyst

something that brings about a change in something else

Period of time young could receive education and moral training

Childhood

The young were considered not yet corrupted

True

False

True

Where do you youthful offenders go?

Responses to misbehavior Depends on age

Who said kids under seven shouldn't get punished because they don't fear it and can't be held liable

Beccaria

Beccaria said ages 8-13 could only be held responsible if it could be demonstrated that they understood their actions and consequences.

True

False

True

The rise of juvenile institutions in the early 1800s, the________ were seen as both a threat to society and needing help

Poor

Removing the child from bad influences and substandard training of the poor parents

Key aspect of training

What institution in London was used to handle youthful beggars

Bridewell institution (emphasis on poor youth, but handled all)

How did the Bridewell institution train youths? And how was this different from earlier methods?

Taught them the skill to use after release. It's rehab rehabilitative since they're learning.

A place for separating the youth from detrimental environment of the city

House of refuge

Method for dealing with problem youth screw out of the establishment of ways to handle__________ people

Poor

What influence did the house of refuge separate youths from?

Criminogenic

Indeterminant sentencing

you get a range of years, such as 15 to life, 15-25 years, etc. base your release date on whether or not you are rehabilitated in prison.

-very militaristic

-little contact with opposite sex

-mixed poor youth with deviate youth

-overcrowded

Problems with the House of refuge

What institution was the first to separate youths from adults?

Lyman school for boys

Emphasis on education training in parental discipline led to the establishment of __________ reformatories

Cottage

What institution was made to carry down the goals more effectively from the House of refuge

Cottage system

What system was set up this way

-intended=parallel family

-circuit parents to oversee the training education

-discipline mixed with care

-emphasized farm work (no crime on a farm)

Cottage system

Which system had these problems?

-run away

-set fire to buildings

-overcrowding

-harsh discipline/sexual problems

-continued mixing deviant and destitute youths

What's one of the most well-known facilities for females?

Lancaster State industrial school for girls

What goals did the Lancaster state industrial school for girls have

-Similar to boys

-taught to be good wives(success was gad by marriage and parenthood.... Concern was future generations.)

Where was the first recognized individual juvenile court established?

Cook County Illinois in 1899

-environmental causes of demon behavior and psychological and sociological explanation suggested the problems could be fixed

-middle and upper class individuals wanted to help the poor and destitute

-many earlier intervention ideas were utilized in the new court system

-we're not supposed to be adversarial

Establishment of juvenile court

In the establishment of the juvenile court, lawyers and adversarial features of the adult system were discouraged

True

False

True

Into val court judges took a______________ stance/provide provided help and assistance

Paternal

ALL juveniles under 16 would be handled by the new court not just those who committed criminal acts. Who did this include?

Poor people, immigrants, criminals

Juvenile term: adjudicated

Adult term: conviction

Juvenile term: hearing

Adult term: trial

Juvenile term: aftercare

Adult term: Parole

Juvenile term: committed

Adult term: sentence

Juvenile term: delinquent

Adult term: criminal

Juvenile term: petition

Adult term: indictment

Juvenile term: custody

Adult term: arrest

The state act acts as a parent, legal philosophy at the juvenile court

Parens patriae

What acted as a financial guardian for youths?

Parens patriae

Movements to intervene in the lives of children in the United States were quick to rely on___________________ for justification

Parens patriae

What case ruled the right of parental control is natural but not inalienable one

Ex parte crouse(Pennsylvania Supreme Court 1838)... most jurisdictions followed this

What case disagreed with the decision that "parental control is natural, but not inalienable" and affirmed the rights of the parent to care for the child

People vs Turner 1870

Which case is key concern was over the intent of the intervention and not the rights of the juvenile, his or her parents, or the effectiveness of the system

RIGHT TO INTERVENTION

Commonwealth v. Fisher.

Basic constitutionality of the juvenile system went largely unchallenged after what case NO CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS VIOLATED

Commonwealth v. Fisher.

Benevolent

well meaning and kindly

What case challenge the premise of the juvenile system?

Kent v. United States.

What case states that there's a concern that child receives the worst of both worlds: he gets neither the protections according to adults nor the solicitous care and regenerative treatment for children

UNEQUAL CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS COMPARED TO ADULTS

Kent v. United States.

Course today continued to provide unequal, constitutional rights and treat in a separate class of citizens with different rights and expectations

True

False

True

Problems of which court

-untrained volunteers

-youths= no evaluation until After incarceration

-in adequate facilities

The court after 1966(after all of the cases)

-Institution of the juvenile= progressive, humanitarian development

-coercion= necessary evil

-" were helping, but we may have to force the child to accept the help"(getting shot shots)

Benevolence argument

Business is benefited with the benevolence argument, or the self interest argument

Self interest argument

-child saver: persons involved in the development of the juvenile court

-incarcerated children= cheap labor

-court intervention= the powerful classes of society to mold a disciplined labor force

System was racist and sexist (refused to admit black individuals and insisted on "proper place" subjection)

Self interest argument

Most great movements and challenges and juvenile justice were completed by early 1920s

True

False

True

From 1920 to 1960 criticisms include included

Improper implementation of movements

1967 to early 1800s federal courts ruled that juveniles must be offered SOME procedural rights similar to adults. What was this period called?

Due process period

In the due process period, Juveniles were offered all protections

True

False

False

1980s to present included:

- waiver and mandatory sentencing

-return to a moore punishment, orientation sentencing

-they believe juveniles did a cost benefit analysis

-now accountability and rehabilitation is present

What is this Period called

Punitive period

Deontological Explanations for delinquency

result of the battle between good and evil, God and the devil

what theory seeks to explain all crime all the time

theory of crime