PHYL 141 Unit 1 Review Flashcards

Vocabulary review flashcards covering anatomy & physiology foundational concepts, biochemistry, cellular structures and transport, tissues, and the integumentary system based on PHYL 141 Unit 1 Review Guide.

Anatomy

The study of body structures.

Physiology

The study of body processes and functions.

Anatomical Position

Standard reference position where the head and torso face forward, palms face outward, and feet are firmly planted and pointed forward.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A sectional plane moving along the medial-lateral axis that cuts the anterior and posterior sections of the body away from each other.

Sagittal Plane

A sectional plane moving along the anterior-posterior axis that cuts the left and right sides of the body away from each other.

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

A sectional plane moving along both the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior axes, cutting the superior and inferior sections away from each other.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to balance physiological processes to maintain a constant internal condition.

Positive Feedback

A mechanism in which the product of an action enhances the initial stimulus, leading to increased action (e.g., oxytocin in childbirth).

Negative Feedback

A mechanism in which the product of an action inhibits or hinders the initial stimulus to maintain homeostasis.

Atomic Number

A value that defines each element by the exact number of protons in its nucleus.

Atomic Mass

The mass of an atom, calculated as the sum of its protons and neutrons.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses.

Polar Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the unequal sharing of valence electrons between atoms, resulting in partial charges.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the equal sharing of valence electrons between atoms.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed between oppositely charged atoms, usually involving the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal.

Amphipathic

A molecule that contains both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) regions.

Enzyme

A protein catalyst, usually ending in "-ase", that drives chemical reactions by lowering the required activation energy.

Glycosidic Bond

The bond formed when two monosaccharide molecules join together to form disaccharides or polysaccharides.

Peptide Bond

A chemical bond between two amino acids, connecting the amino group of one to the carboxyl group of another via dehydration synthesis.

Plasma Membrane

A lipid bilayer structure that separates the intracellular fluid (ICF) inside the cell from the extracellular fluid (ECF).

Smooth ER

An endoplasmic reticulum lacking ribosomes that serves as the site for steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification.

Rough ER

An endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes that provides an area for storage and transport of proteins synthesized on those ribosomes.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle found close to the nucleus that packages proteins or other substances for cellular export, plasma membrane inclusion, or lysosome creation.

Osmosis

The passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane down its concentration gradient toward higher solute concentration.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the inside of a cell, causing water to flow into the cell and lead to lysis.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the inside of a cell, causing water to leave the cell and lead to crenation.

Transcription

The process taking place in the nucleus where RNA polymerase unzips DNA and synthesizes a complementary strand of mRNA.

Translation

The process taking place at the ribosome where tRNA matches its anticodon to mRNA codons to assemble amino acids into a protein.

Codon

A sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that encodes a specific amino acid.

Histology

The scientific study of the microscopic structure of plant and animal tissues.

Merocrine Gland

The most common exocrine gland type where secretions packaged in vesicles are released via exocytosis without losing cellular material.

Apocrine Gland

An exocrine gland mode of secretion where the apical portion (head) of the cell is pinched off and released with the secretion.

Holocrine Gland

An exocrine gland mode of secretion where the entire cell breaks down to release its stored contents.

Fibroblasts

The most abundant connective tissue proper cell type that secretes matrix protein fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) and aids in wound healing.

Fibrocytes

The mature, less active form of fibroblasts that monitors and maintains the existing extracellular matrix.

Melanocyte

A cell located in the stratum basale that produces and stores the pigment melanin.

Macrophages

Large phagocytic connective tissue cells that engulf foreign pathogens, cancer cells, and damaged cells.

Neutrophils

First-responder granulocytes that phagocytize debris and pathogens while releasing antibacterial toxins and promoting inflammation.

Mast Cells

Connective tissue cells that trigger inflammation and release signals to recruit macrophages to damaged areas.

Keratinization

A specialized cell death process in upper epidermal layers where cells fill with durable keratin to form a protective barrier.

Merkel Cell

A sensory cell in the epidermis that detects light pressure and constant contact with objects.

Tactile Corpuscle

A sensory receptor located in the papillary layer of the dermis that senses one-time light touch.

Lamellated Corpuscle

A sensory receptor in the subcutaneous layer that senses deep pressure and vibration.

Eccrine Sweat Glands

General sweat glands distributed across the body that produce hypotonic sweat (water and salt) for temperature control.

Apocrine Sweat Glands

Sweat glands in hairy regions (axillary, pelvic) active post-puberty that secrete fatty/protein-rich fluids linked to body odor.

Ceruminous Glands

Glands that produce hydrophobic cerumen (earwax) to trap pathogens and prevent water entry into the ear.

Arrector Pili Muscle

A smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that contracts to make hair stand up for temperature regulation.

Onychomycosis

A fungal infection of the nail leading to brittle and jagged nails.

Koilonychia

An abnormality featuring indented, spoon-shaped nails caused by iron deficiency.

Beau's Lines

Transverse depressions in the nail caused by severe illness or injury disrupting nail growth.

Abdominopelvic Regions

The nine anatomical divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity consisting of the right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac regions.

DNA Replication

The biological process of unzipping template DNA at the replication fork using helicase and matching free nucleotides using DNA polymerase to form two identical double-stranded DNA molecules.

Neuron

A specialized nervous tissue cell containing a cell body with a nucleus, microfibrils, dendrites for receiving signals, and an axon for transmitting electrical signals to other cells.

Stages of Pressure Sores

The progressive stages of bed sores resulting from long-term pressure and loss of blood flow, advancing from unbroken epidermal redness (1), partial thickness skin loss into dermis (2), full thickness loss into subcutaneous fat (3), to deep destruction exposing muscle and bone (4).