Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Bias

systematic patterns of beliefs, feelings, and actions toward individuals based on their actual or perceived group membership.

Stereotypes-biased beliefs

stereotypes are overgeneralized sets of beliefs about members of a particular social group (females and being scientists).

In-groups

an individual identifies as belonging

Out group

a group to which an individual does not belong.

Salient feature of a stereotype

shared across cultural contexts.

Stereotype awareness

knowing the shared beliefs about the traits and characteristics of a particular group.

Stereotype endorsement

when an individual is aware of a stereotype and believes it to be true. Stereotypes begin to be internalized when group members are aware of the stereotype and endorse it.

Stereotype content model

universally, group stereotypes are situated along two dimensions: warmth and competence. Based on this, anytime we encounter people, we evaluate them on the warmth dimension to see if they can harm us, whether they are nice,

Stereotype threat

being at risk of acting in a manner consistent with a negative stereotype about one's group.

stigma

an attribute that discredits an individual, reducing them from a regular person in a given social context to a tainted and devalued one.

Stereotype activation

the process of bringing stereotypical associations to the front of our minds.

Stereotype application

the extent to which we use a stereotype to judge or act toward a member of the stereotyped group.

Prejudice- biased attitude

when stereotypes are activated and applied they form the basis of prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory actions.

Old-fashioned prejudice

what we typically think when we think about racism. It is open and explicit and involves emotions such as contempt, hostility, anger, and oftentimes fear

Egalitarian beliefs

people should be treated equally, and society has a responsibility for taking care of those who are disadvantaged

Modern prejudice

subtle indication of negative attitudes, characterized by a denial of continued bias and discrimination and beliefs that racial prejudice largely is a thing of the past.

Aversive prejudice

displayed by individuals who see themselves and wish others to see them as egalitarian. The whole concept is that these individuals participate in equally right things, but they avoid contact with those minority groups

Hostile Sexism

antagonistic attitudes toward women, especially women who violate traditional gender roles, and is expressed through blatant negative evaluations of women.

Benevolent Sexism

a form of paternalistic prejudice (being considered and treated as a lower-status group as if they were children) directed toward women.

Glass-ceiling effect

an artificial barrier that limits the promotion of women in the workplace and prevents women from reaching the top ranks of management.

Weight bias

negative attitudes, beliefs, judgments, stereotypes, and discriminatory acts aimed at individuals based on body weight

Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA):

a combination of conventionalism (support for traditional values and social norms), authoritarian aggression (support of aggression toward legitimate enemies), and authoritarian submission (compliance with those in authority)

Social dominance orientation (SDO)

belief in social hierarchy such that one's in-group dominates inferior out-groups.

Discrimination-biased behavior

unfair behavior toward an individual based on their membership (or perceived membership) in a particular group

Interpersonal discrimination

biased interactions between individuals, either face-to-face or virtually via electronic communication or social media

Institutional discrimination

the unfair treatment of an individual or group of individuals by society and its institutions rather than between one individual and another.

Hate crimes

the most extreme form of discrimination. A criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity.

Intergroup contact

having interaction with outgroups

Contact theory

intergroup contact, or interaction with members of an outgroup, can powerfully reduce prejudice and discrimination

Positive-negative contact asymmetry hypothesis

both positive and negative intergroup contact occur in racially diverse settings, and that negative contact experiences may foster negative intergroup attitudes to a greater degree than positive contact experiences diminish prejudice.

Confronting prejudice

verbally or nonverbally expressing one's dissatisfaction with the prejudicial and discriminatory treatment of a person or persons