Bio Exam 2

What are the two main components of matrix?

fiber and ground substance

_________ gives rises to the skin and nervous system.

ectoderm

________ gives rise to mesenchyme, which then gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood.

mesoderm

_______ gives rises to membranes lining respiratory and digestive tracts.

mesoderm

_______ prevents tissue from decaying.

fixative

_________ makes structures easier to see.

stain

Examining ________ is an example of a smear, when tissue is rubbed across a slide.

blood

A ________ is when some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out on a slide.

spread

When tissue cut on its long axis it is a _________ section.

longitudinal

When tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of organ it is a ______ section.

cross/transverse section

When tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal sections is it a ________ section.

oblique

When a tissue have these following classifications, it is referred to as _________:

• 1 or more layers thick

• cells are supported by basement membrane

• it covers surfaces/lines cavities

• can be simple or stratified

epithelial

Stratified epithelium is named by the shape of cells on the __________.

apical surface

In psuedostratified columnar, its nuclei are at __________, making it look multilayered

several layers

Simple squamous function by ____________ and are mainly found in ____________________.

rapid diffusion; alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, serosa

Simple cuboidal function by ____________ and are mainly found in ____________________.

absorption and secretion; kidney tubules, thyroid, liver, glands, bronchioles

Simple columnar function by ____________ and are mainly found in ____________________.

absorption, secretion, and mucus; GI tract, uterus, kidneys, and uterine tubes

Psuedostratified columnar function by ____________ and are mainly found in ____________________.

secretes and removes mucus; respiratory tract and parts of male urethra

What epithelium have goblet cells that secret mucus?

simple columnar and psuedostratified columnar

_______ is the the dead, dry epithelial surface, mainly found in thick skin.

keratinized stratified squamous

________ are the moist epithelial surfaces, mainly found in mouth, tongue, esophagus, and vagina.

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

keratinized stratified squamous and nonkeratinized stratified squamous functions by _________________.

resisting abrasion and pathogens

Stratified cuboidal function by ____________ and are mainly found in ____________________.

secreting sweat and production sperm; sweat glands, ovarian follicles, and seminiferous tubes

______________ is a rare type of epithelial tissue

stratified columnar epithelium

Transitional epithelium function by ____________ and are mainly found in ____________________.

going round to flat to prevent tearing; urinary tract

___________ is when the dead surface cells flake off because newer cells from ______ layers continuously to multiply and move toward surface.

exfoliation; deepest

Connective tissue is made up of ___________________.

cells, fibers, and ground substance

The following characteristics are the functions of _____________:

• binding

• support

• protection

• immune protection

• movement

• storage

• heat production

• transport

connective tissue

__________ of connective tissue produce fibers and ground substance.

fibroblasts

__________ of connective tissue phagocytize foreign material and activate the immune response.

macrophages

__________ of connective tissue deal with immune defense.

leukocytes

__________ of connective tissue produce antibodies.

plasma cells

Mast cells of connective tissue release ________________.

histamine and heparin

__________ of connective tissue store triglycerides.

adipocytes

__________ of connective tissue are tough, flexible, and resists touch.

collagenous fibers

__________ of connective tissue are thin fibers forming a supportive framework.

reticular fibers

__________ of connective tissue help with stretch and recoil.

elastic fibers

__________ of connective tissue help regulate water and electrolyte balance.

GAGs

__________ of connective tissue hold tissue compounds together.

proteoglycans

__________ of connective tissue bind different components together.

adhesive glycoproteins

What are the key types of loose connective tissues?

areolar and reticular

What are the key types of dense connective tissues?

dense regular and dense irregular

________ has the appearance of loosely organized fibers.

areolar connective tissue.

Areolar connective tissue function by ____________ and are mainly found in ____________________.

support and nourishes epithelia; serosa membranes, between muscles, passages of nerves and blood vessels

Reticular connective tissue function by ____________ for the organs of the lymphatic system, mainly located in __________.

providing supportive framework lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow

_________ connective tissue has a mesh/network of reticular fibers.

reticular

The fibers of dense connective tissue are composed of ___________.

collagen fibers

Tendons and ligaments are made mainly of the protein ___________.

collagen

Dense regular connective tissue are ________ collagen fibers that helps with handling tension/pulling in ______ direction(s).

parallel; one

What specific tissues are composed of dense regular connective tissue?

tendons and ligaments

Dense irregular connective tissue are ________ collagen fibers that helps with handling stress from ______ direction(s).

randomly arranged; different

What specific tissues are composed of dense irregular connective tissue?

deeper skin and organ capsules

What are the dominant cells of adipose?

adipocytes

___________ tissue is the primary energy reservoir.

adipose

___________ adipose is mainly in adults, providing insulation and cushioning

white

__________ adipose is mainly in infants/children, providing heat production

brown

The types of cartilage are _________________.

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix defines __________.

cartilage

_________ produce cartilage matrix, becoming _________ once surrounded by matrix

chondroblasts, chondrocytes

____________ is a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding __________ and _________ cartilage.

perichondrium; elastic; hyaline

Where is the perichondrium absent?

articular cartilage

________ contains a reserve population of that contributes to ______ growth.

perichondrium; cartilage

________ cartilage eases joint movements, holds airways open, moves vocal cords, and helps grow juvenile long bones.

hyaline

____________ cartilage has flexible, elastic support, found in external ear and epiglottis.

elastic

___________ cartilage resists compression and absorbs shock, found in invertebral discs.

firbrocartilage

Which bone type is porous, found in heads of long bones and middle of flat bones?

spongy

Which bone type is dense and has no visible spaces?

compact

_________ is a tough layer of connective tissue that covers the whole bone.

periosteum

Central canal + the surrounding concentric lamellae =

osteon

_________ are the tiny canals connecting lacunae

canaliculi

Blood is classified as connective tissue because it has a ________, which is _________.

matrix, plasma

The ability to respond to stimuli by changing the cell’s membrane potential refers to __________.

excitability

Basic cells in nervous tissue are _________, which communicate, and _________, which protect and assist neurons.

neurons; neuroglia

Skeletal muscle is ___________, found in _____.

voluntary; bone

Cardiac muscle is ___________, found in _____.

involuntary; heart

Smooth muscle is ___________, found in _____.

involuntary; walls of hallow organs

____________ are cellular junctions that seal spaces between them, controlling what passes between.

tight junctions

_____________ are cellular junctions that have a strong attachments and help resists cells from being pulled apart.

desmosomes

___________ is a cellular junction that anchors cell to basement membrane.

hemidesmosomes

_____________ are cellular junctions that communicate, allowing ions and nutrients to pass.

gap junctions

What are the basic functions of glands?

secretion and excretion

_______ glands has a ducts that carries it secretion to surface.

exocrine

__________ glands release hormones directly into the blood.

endocrine

___________ is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland, secreting mucus found in certain epithelia.

goblet cells

_____________ compose the parts of the exocrine gland.

capsule, septum, stroma/parenchyme.

___________ are the functioning secretory cells

parenchyme

Duct shape of exocrine glands can be _________________.

tubular, acinar, or tubuloacinar

What are the three types of secretions?

mucous, serous, mixed

Sperm and eggs are released as a whole by ___________ glands.

cytogenic

Which mode of secretion uses exocytosis?

merocrine

Which mode of secretion is happening when part of a cell buds with secretion

apocrine

__________ membranes line passages that are open to its contents, while ________ membranes is the external surface that line internal body cavities.

mucous; serous

__________ is a membrane lining the heart and blood vessles.

endothelium

_____________ is a membrane lining serous body cavities.

mesothelium

The multiplication of cells refers to __________.

hyperplasia

The enlargement of preexisting cells refers to _________.

hypertrophy

The development of a tumor refers to _________.

neoplasia

_____________ refers to an unspecialized tissue becoming specialized.

differentiation

Metaplasia refers to when a mature tissue changes into a ________ mature tissue type.

different

Stem cells are _____________ cells that have the potential to become specialized cells.

undifferentiated