Unit 1 | HIstory

Neolithic

the new stone age

Neolithic/agricultural revolution

a slow process when humans turn from hunter gatherers to food producing

slash and burn agriculture

kept the soil fertile and cleared land.

advancements because of neolithic revolution

at first wooden sticks were used, then hoes of wood and stone were created. pottery became more advanced as more things needed to be stored. more human relationships.

animals were harder to hunt because of farms

men started domesticating animals

wolves became less ferocious

people started domesticating them to ward off enemies (dogs)

where and when did the first agriculture begin?

around twelve thousand years ago, in the middle east. it was first wheat and barley.

surplus led to what?

division of labor, which led to even more surplus.

farming led to?

development of civilizations

what was the role of different people when civilizations were created?

women helped at home, men helped on the farm, children helped with simple small tasks, and older people kept traditions alive.

what early civilization was in turkey?

çatalhüyük - 7000 BC

what ancient city was formed around 10,000 BC?

Jericho

how did trade affect villages and civilizations?

greater knowledge, refined practices, and larger populations.

Fertile crescent

fertile land because of rivers, favored agriculture

eastern side of fertile crescent has what rivers?

the Tigris and the Euphrates

what is the definition of Mesopotamia

between the two rivers.

leeves

banks of soil from flooding rivers in Mesopotamia.

irrigation

bringing water to your land through channels, etc.

southern Mesopotamia

sumer, lack of water led to irrigation

between 4500 BC and 4000 BC what happened to Sumer?

it had rapid growth, and became the first organized city with religions and irrigation.

what features are common to all civilizations?

city life with complex social organizations, trade and economic activity, governance through which social order is maintained, division of labor, and some type of record keeping.

why did sumerians purposely have a surplus?

to trade

what were trading ships made of?

wood with animal skin tightly sewn around it

What major innovation happened in 3500 BC

they started using the wheel for pottery

what is bronze made from?

copper and tin

when was the bronze age?

3000 BC

when did a social hierarchy develop

2500 BC

what was the social hierarchy?

king, then priest, then wealthy landowners, then soilders merchants and artisans, then free laborers, then slaves.

what is polytheism?

the worship of multiple deities.

what is a ziggurat?

a temple for the city’s God.

what is theocracy?

a ruling by someone because people believed they were guided by Gods. (their subjects died alongside them)

In early years of Sumer, why were there so many kings?

each one ruled over one city-state

what was the development of writing used for? what was one of the first types of writing? how was the name Cuneiform made?

usually used for economic transcriptions made by scribes. pictograms. sharpened reeds were pushed into soft clay.

when was “The Epic of Gilgamesh” written?

2100 BC

Why was Sumer taken over in roughly 1700 BC?

salinization poisoned the once fertile soil, they fought amongst themself, and they were robbed by Nomads.

lower egypt

delta region. red crown

upper Egypt

valleys. white crown

Ruler of the Two Lands, who untied lower and upper Egypt

Menes Narmer

the old kingdom (Egypt)

2660-2180 BCE. Saw monarch as a supreme deity and dared to even mention his name. So the name pharaoh appeared.py

pyramid of giza

King Khufu. It took thirty thousand people and six years. made of limestone

what signified a coming apart of Egypt?

governors started building bigger things for themselves, while pharaohs got smaller tombs.

who conquered all their rivals and reunified Egypt in the Middle Kingdom?

Theban king Amenemhet the first

what caused disunity during the middle kingdom?

rival nobles fought amongst themselves, and weak pharaohs rose to power. this made them weak to invaders

egpytians made major advancements in

science, writing, art, literature, math

what are the major advancements for Egyptians in math and science

invention of fractions, learned to smelt metals and blowing glass as well as embalming. basic understanding of disease and explored medicinal properties

what are the major advancements for Egyptians in writing and literature

hieroglyhpics, Greek letters, papyrus

what is papyrus?

reeds cut into strips and layed in glue like sugar

Rosetta stone

helped other ancient scripts be translated

what is the definition of Hysoko

rulers of foreign land

where were the Hysoko’s from? where did they invade from? what aided in their defeat?

from western Asia. they pushed in through the Nile Delta. they possessed advanced weaponry, and the Egyptians had a period of weak Pharaohs.

which land did Egyptians still rule? what did they still have to do?

Egyptians still ruled the land of Thebes, but they had to pay a tribute

who declared themselves the new king after the Hysokos?

Ahmose 1 of Thebes

Hatshepsut

first female pharaoh, took over for her son, but declared herself a pharaoh around 1460 BC

Thutmoso

Hatshepsuts son, he took over and became the most aggressive over

Amenhotep the fourth

outlawed all other religions and created one religion, one of the first monthesic religions

Tutkhamen

throned as a boy, used by priests and officials

both amenhotep and tutkhamen were

erased from the record.

ramses the great and the hittites clashed around when?

1275 BC

who won the battle between the Hittites and Ramses?

its believed the hittites tricked them,, and then ambushed. Ramses narrowly escaped

what is the first “peace treaty”

Ramses married a Hittite princess

what was Ramses big building?

he carved into mountains

after Ramses died, when was Egypt mostly small kingdoms

1070 BC

nubia

a rocky landscape with minerals, good area for trade

kushites protect Egyptian culture

so piankhi conquered egypt and pushed egyptian culture, they ruled for about a century