Micro Ch.3/4 pt2

Gram pos

lots of peptidoglycan (thick), peptide bridges, penicillin

Gram neg

little peptidoglycan (thin), double membrane, periplasmic space, lysozyme, porins, braun's lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and Ton B

Protoplast

cell wall removed in gram pos

Spheroplast

cell wall removed gram neg

Periplasmic space

only in gram neg, degrades enzymes

Cell wall is made out of what

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) connected to N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) by a beta-1,4 bond

N-acetylmuramic acid

strung together by L-alanine and D-glutamic acid, and D-alanines

What cell has peptide bridges

gram pos

Acids of gram pos

teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

Teichoic acid

attached to peptidoglycan

Lipoteichoic acid

anchored to membrane

Porin

allow passage of small molecules (glucose)

Braun's lipoproteins

anchor peptidoglycan to outer cell membrane

Ton B

transfers energy for ligand support

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contains

O antigen, the core, and lipid A

Lipopolysaccharides function

negative charge, endotoxin to animals, antigenic determinant

O antigen

identify strains of gram - bacteria, elicits immune response, recognized and bound by antibodies

The core of LPS

contains + charged sugars/phosphates

Lipid A (LPS)

act as endotoxin

Archae

extreme environments, ether linkage, monolayers (more rigid), pseudomurein, beta-1,3 bond binds to N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid, no penicillin, glycoprotein or protein on surface

Archae plasma membrane

ether linkage to form monolayers

Archae cell wall

no peptidoglycan, B-1,3 binds to N-acetyltalosuaminuronic acid

Archae ribosome

70S (3 rRNA)

How do cells take up nutrients for growth

release enzymes that break down material

Passive diffusion

energy independent, high to low conc, diffuse through membrane(water, O2, CO2)

Facilitated diffusion

energy independent, permeases allow for passage through membrane, channels or carriers

Permeases

allow passage through channels or carriers across membrane

Active transport

energy dependent, low to high conc (against gradient), primary and secondary

Primary active transport

energy from ATP hydrolysis, uniporters, ATP-binding cassette transporters

Uniporter

move single molecule across membrane

Secondary active transporter

use proton and sodium gradients to transport molecules, cotransporters, symport and antiport, proton motive force, no ATP

Cotransporter

move 2 substances (one that powers gradient, one that is being moved)

Symport

same direction

Antiport

opp direction

Proton motive force

battery, + protons wants to move inside cell

Group translocation

chemical modification of molecules, no ATP

Phosphotransferase system

imports variety of sugars while phosphorylating them, using phosphoenolpyruvate as phosphate donor

Iron uptake

iron is needed for cytochromes for e- transport chain, secrete siderophores

Siderophores

molecules that complex with ferric iron to take in iron because transporters can't do it themselves

sporulation process

1. Axial filament formation

2. Septum formation/ forespore development

3. Engulfment of forespore by sporangium

4. Cortex formation

   1. Peptidoglycan synthesis

   2. Accumulate calcium dipicolinate to dehydrate cell

5. Coat synthesis

6. Complete coat synthesis

   1. Increase refractility and heat resistance

7. Sporangium lysis and mature spore leaves

Steps of primary active transport: 

1. solute binding protein binds solute and goes to ATP transporter

2. Transporter bind ATP through nucleotide binding domain

3. ATP hydrolysis to ADP

4. Transporter moves solute into cell

• Phosphotransferase steps example

1. G goes in cell

2. Gets phosphorylated

3. Not glucose anymore