CPIM formula

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23 Terms

1
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Inventory Turnover

์žฌ๊ณ ํšŒ์ „์œจ. 1๋…„์— ์žฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํŒ”๋ ค ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์กŒ๋Š”๊ฐ€? Inventory Turnover = Annual COGS / Avg Inventory Value

2
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Days of Supply, DOS (Quantity-based DOS)

์žฌ๊ณ  ์ผ์ˆ˜. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋™์•ˆ ํŒ”๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ. "ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ณด์œ ๋ž‘ / ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰".

1. Daily Usage = Annual Demand / working days = ~ units / day

2. DOS = Physical Inventory On-Hand / Daily Usage.

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Days of Supply, DOS (Financial DOS)

  1. Avg Daily COGS = Annual COGS / 365. 2. (1) Average Inventory Value / Daily COGS 2. (2) 365 / Inventory turnover (annual COGS / avg inventory value)


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Safety Stock, SS (Max - Average Method)

ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ)๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ตœ๋Œ€/ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ€๋™ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋งŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ.

"์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ(์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์š” ร— ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฆฌ๋“œํƒ€์ž„)์—์„œ ํ‰์†Œ ์ƒํ™ฉ(ํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ˜์š” ร— ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฆฌ๋“œํƒ€์ž„)์„ ๋บ€ ์ฐจ์ด๋งŒํผ ์Ÿ์—ฌ๋‘”๋‹ค!"

SS = (Max usage X Max LT) - (Avg usage X Avg LT)

Max demand = 15, Max LT = 8, Avg demand = 10, Avg LT = 5๋ผ๋ฉด?

SS = (15 ร— 8) โˆ’ (10 ร— 5) = 70 units

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Safety Stock, SS (ฯƒ & Z score)

์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ(ฯƒ)์™€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์ค€(Z-Score)์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์‹.

SS = Z * ฯƒd * โˆšL

Z = 1.65, ฯƒ = 10, LT = 4์ผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด?

SS = 1.65 ร— 10 ร— โˆš4 = 33 units

๋ฆฌ๋“œํƒ€์ž„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š” ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ(ฯƒL) ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ SS = Z * ฯƒL

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Safety Stock, SS (LT change)

๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ์†ก ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด ๋ฆฌ๋“œํƒ€์ž„๋งŒ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•ˆ์ „์žฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‹.

๋ฆฌ๋“œํƒ€์ž„์ด 4์ฃผ -> 9์ฃผ๋กœ 2.25๋ฐฐ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด, ์•ˆ์ „์žฌ๊ณ ๋Š” โˆš2.25 = 1.5๋ฐฐ๋งŒ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚จ

New SS = Old SS * โˆšNew LT / Old LT

ํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ 10๊ฐœ/์ผ, ํ‰๊ท  LT๊ฐ€ 5์ผ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ LT๊ฐ€ 8์ผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด?

SS = 10 ร— (8 โˆ’ 5) = 30 units

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Safety Stock, SS (Square Root Law of Inventory)

์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฐฝ๊ณ (DC)๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ค‘์•™ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ ์ „์ฒด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ•„์š” ์•ˆ์ „์žฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ.

** ์ฐฝ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 2๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  Safety Stock๋„ 2๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹˜!!

โ€”> ์ฐฝ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 2๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ „์ฒด Safety Stock์€ โˆš2, ์ฆ‰, 1.414๋ฐฐ์ž„.

Centralization = SS โ†“ vs. Decentralization = SS โ†‘

Total New SS = Total Old SS * โˆšNo. of DCs (new) / No. of DCs (old)

<p>์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฐฝ๊ณ (DC)๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ค‘์•™ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ ์ „์ฒด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ•„์š” ์•ˆ์ „์žฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ.</p><p><em>** ์ฐฝ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 2๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  Safety Stock๋„ 2๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹˜!!</em></p><p><strong>โ€”&gt; ์ฐฝ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 2๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ „์ฒด Safety Stock์€ โˆš2, ์ฆ‰, 1.414๋ฐฐ์ž„.</strong></p><p>Centralization = SS โ†“ vs. Decentralization = SS โ†‘ </p><p>Total New SS = Total Old SS * โˆšNo. of DCs (new) / No. of DCs (old)</p>
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Min-Max System

์žฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ € ์ˆ˜์ค€(Min level) ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœ์ฃผํ•˜๋˜, ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€(Max level)๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฑ„์›Œ ๋„ฃ๋„๋ก ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰(Order Quantity = Max - Current inventor)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ Pull ๋ฐฉ์‹. Order Quantity (Q) = Max - (On hand + On order). Reaches minimum level, Ordered up to maximum level, Hybrid reorder system

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Critical Ratio in Single-Period Model (Newsvendor model)

๋‹จ์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ์˜ '์ž„๊ณ„ ๋น„์œจ ๋ถ„์„' . ์œ ํ†ต๊ธฐํ•œ์ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ธ ์‹ ๋ฌธ/๋„์‹œ๋ฝ, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค ํŠธ๋ฆฌ, ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ธฐ๋… ํ‹ฐ์…”์ธ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„(์‹œ์ฆŒ)์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ 0์›์ด๋‚˜ ํ๊ธฐ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ตœ์  ์ฃผ๋ฌธ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•. '๋ชจ์ž๋ผ์„œ ๋ชป ํŒ”์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์†์‹ค'๊ณผ '๋‚จ์•„์„œ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์žฌ๊ณ  ์ถฉ์กฑ๋ฅ (Service Level)์„ ๊ฒฐ์ • Perishable / Seasonal items Single-period inventory model Cost of understocking vs Cost of overstocking One-time purchase decision


<p>๋‹จ์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ์˜ '์ž„๊ณ„ ๋น„์œจ ๋ถ„์„' . ์œ ํ†ต๊ธฐํ•œ์ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ธ ์‹ ๋ฌธ/๋„์‹œ๋ฝ, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค ํŠธ๋ฆฌ, ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ธฐ๋… ํ‹ฐ์…”์ธ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„(์‹œ์ฆŒ)์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ 0์›์ด๋‚˜ ํ๊ธฐ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ตœ์  ์ฃผ๋ฌธ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•. <strong>'๋ชจ์ž๋ผ์„œ ๋ชป ํŒ”์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์†์‹ค'๊ณผ '๋‚จ์•„์„œ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์†์‹ค</strong>์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์žฌ๊ณ  ์ถฉ์กฑ๋ฅ (Service Level)์„ ๊ฒฐ์ • Perishable / Seasonal items Single-period inventory model Cost of understocking vs Cost of overstocking One-time purchase decision</p><p></p>
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Customer Service Level vs. Stocking Level

ํ•œ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ต ์ฒด๊ฐ / ํ•œ๊ณ„์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ฒด๊ฐ (๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์ž…๋ถ„์—์„œ ์–ป๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ)

๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์ถฉ์กฑ๋ฅ (Fill Rate, ์˜ˆ: 95% โž” 99%)์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆด์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์žฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์„ ํ˜•(์ง์„ )์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ (Exponentially)์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์ฆ

= Trade-off: ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ 90%์—์„œ 95%๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ๋•Œ ๋“œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค, 95%์—์„œ 99%๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ๋•Œ ๋“œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „์žฌ๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

(Diminishing Returns). Fill rate, Exponential increase in safety stock, Non-linear relationship, Diminishing marginal returns


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Annual Carrying Cost

Avg Inventory ร— Unit Cost (c) ร— Carrying Cost Rate (i) c.f. Avg inventory = Q/2 + SS

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Total Relevant Inventory Cost

Carrying Cost (Holding Cost) + Ordering Cost (Set up Cost) + Stockout Cost

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Weighted Average Cost Method (Periodic Inventory System)

ํ‰์†Œ์—๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์›”๋ง/์—ฐ๋ง(๊ธฐ๋ง)์— ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ์ „์ฒด ์ด ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ์ „์ฒด ์ด ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๋‹จ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ฆ. Weighted Avg Unit Cost = Total cost of goods available for sale (์ด ๊ฐ€์š”์žฌ๊ณ  ๊ธˆ์•ก) / Total units available for sale (์ด ๊ฐ€์šฉ์žฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰)

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Annual inventory Carrying Cost

Annual Carrying Cost = Average Inventory (Units) ร— Unit Cost ร— Carrying Cost Rate

Value of Avg inventory = Average Inventory (Units) ร— Unit Cost

A manufacturing company orders a component in fixed quantities of 200 units. It maintains 30 units of safety stock. The unit cost is $5, and the annual inventory carrying cost rate is 10%.

1. Avg Inventory = (Order quantity, lot size) Q/2 + SS = 200/2 + 30 = 130

2. Annual carrying cost = Avg inventory x Unit Cost x Carrying cost rate = 130 x $5 ร— 0.1 = $65 / Annual carrying cost = Avg inventory x Unit Cost x Carrying cost rate = 130 x $5 ร— 0.1 = $65

A distributor maintains an avg annual inventory valued at $3,500,000. The company estimates its annual cost of capital at 12%, storage and handling costs at 5%, and risk costs (due to damage, pilferage, and obsolescence) at 4%. What is the total annual cost to carry this inventory?

the total carrying cost rate = sum of carrying cost [capital (12%), storage (5%), and risk (4%) costs, equal to 21%] X $3,500,000 = $735,000

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Annual Ordering cost

[ Annual demand / Lot size (order quantity) ] x Order cost per order

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customer service level (%)

customer service level = non-defective fulfilled units / ordered units.

A manufacturer receives a firm customer order for 200 units. Upon delivery, inspection reveals that 6 units are defective and rejected by the customer. What is the customer service level achieved for this order?

Customer service level (%) = (200-6) / 200 = 97.0%

Customer service level (%) = (์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ - ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰) / ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰

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์ˆ˜์œจ(Yield) ๋ฐ ์Šคํฌ๋žฉ(Scrap) ๊ณ ๋ ค ํˆฌ์ž…๋Ÿ‰ (Planned Order Release)

: ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ’ˆ(Scrap)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์„œ, ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž์žฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…

c.f. ์ˆ˜์œจ ๋น„์œจ (Yield factor)

Yield Factor (์ˆ˜์œจ ๋น„์œจ) = 1- Scrap Factor (๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋น„์œจ)

์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ ์ค‘ 10%๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ๊ธฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด? โ€”> Yield factor: 1 - 0.1 = 0.9

Required Input (ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์žฌ ํˆฌ์ž…๋Ÿ‰) = Net required output / Yield factor

ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ ์ œํ’ˆ 100๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์™„์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์œจ์ด 90%๋ผ๋ฉด ์›์ž์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ?

โ€”> 100 / 0.9 =~ 111.11 โ€”> ์ฆ‰, ์•ฝ 112๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ์ •์ƒ ์ œํ’ˆ 100๊ฐœ ํ™•๋ณด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ (EOQ - Economic Order Quantity)

knowt flashcard image
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<p><span><strong>์žฌ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์  (ROP - Reorder Point) </strong></span></p><p><span><strong>ํ‰๊ท  ์žฌ๊ณ  (Average Inventory)</strong></span></p>

์žฌ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์  (ROP - Reorder Point)

ํ‰๊ท  ์žฌ๊ณ  (Average Inventory)

ROP = Demand During Lead Time (DDLT) + Safety Stock (SS) = ( d x L ) + SS

  • d = Average Daily Demand

  • L = Lead Time (Days)

Average Inventory = Q/2 + SS

Q = Order Quantity

<p><strong>ROP = Demand During Lead Time (DDLT) + Safety Stock (SS)</strong> = ( d x L ) + SS</p><ul><li><p>d = Average Daily Demand</p></li><li><p>L = Lead Time (Days)</p></li></ul><p><strong>Average Inventory = Q/2 + SS</strong></p><p>Q = Order Quantity</p>
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<p><strong>์ฃผ๊ธฐ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ (Periodic Review System: T &amp; Q)</strong></p>

์ฃผ๊ธฐ์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ (Periodic Review System: T & Q)

T (Target Inventory Level: ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์žฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€) โ€”> T = d x (R+L) + SS

  • R: Review Interval (๊ฒ€ํ†  ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ผ์ˆ˜)

  • L: Lead time (์กฐ๋‹ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ผ์ˆ˜)

Q (Order Quantity: ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰) โ€”> Q = T - I

I = Current Inventory On-Hand (+On-Order if any)

** T + I ์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ. Q = T - I ์ž„

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๋ฆฌํ‹€์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™(Little's Law)

I = R x T : ์žฌ๊ณ (I), ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์œจ(R), ํ๋ฆ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„(T)

  • I (Work-in-Process / Average Inventory, ํ‰๊ท  ์žฌ๊ณ ๋Ÿ‰):

    • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ผ์ธ, ๋งค์žฅ, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—ด ๋“ฑ) ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ๋‹จ์œ„(Unit)์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    • ์ œ์กฐ์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์ • ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์žฌ๊ณตํ’ˆ(WIP)์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

    • I (ํ˜ธ์Šค ์•ˆ์— ๋“  ๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘): ์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ์ ์— ํ˜ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋”ฑ ์ž˜๋ž์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์ฑ„์›Œ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘ (120 units)

  • R (Throughput Rate / Processing Rate, ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์œจ):

    • ๋‹จ์œ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š”(์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š”) ํ‰๊ท  ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์—… ์‹œ๊ฐ„ + ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„(Queue Time) + ์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ถ€ ํฌํ•จ. (์˜ˆ: ๊ฐœ/์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ช…/๋ถ„)

    • R (์ˆ˜์••/์œ ๋Ÿ‰): ์ˆ˜๋„๊ผญ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‹€์–ด 1์ดˆ๋‹น ํ˜๋ ค๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘ (15 units / hour)

  • T (Flow Time / Throughput Time, ํ‰๊ท  ํ๋ฆ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„):

    • ํ•œ ๋‹จ์œ„(์ œํ’ˆ 1๊ฐœ, ๊ณ ๊ฐ 1๋ช…)๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋Š” ์ด ํ‰๊ท  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์˜ˆ: ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ถ„, ์ผ)

    • T (ํ†ต๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„): ๋ฌผ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ํ˜ธ์Šค ์ž…๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ ๋์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ (8 hours)

์ด ๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๊ณต์ • ๋‚ด ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ(Variability)์ด๋‚˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ๋ณต์žก๋„, ์žฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ์ˆœ์„œ(FIFO/LIFO ๋“ฑ)์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์•ˆ์ • ์ƒํƒœ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • R (์ž…์žฅ/ํ‡ด์žฅ ์†๋„): 1๋ถ„๋‹น ํ‰๊ท  2๋ช…์˜ ์†๋‹˜์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (R = 2๋ช…/๋ถ„)

  • T (์ฒด๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„): ์†๋‹˜ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์Œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ์‹  ๋’ค ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ‰๊ท  30๋ถ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (T = 30๋ถ„)

  • I (๋งค์žฅ ์•ˆ ์†๋‹˜ ์ˆ˜): ์ž„์˜์˜ ์‹œ์ ์— ์นดํŽ˜ ์•ˆ์— ์•‰์•„์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค„์„ ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ์†๋‹˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์ผ๊นŒ์š”?

    I=2๋ช…/๋ถ„ร—30๋ถ„=60๋ช…I = 2\text{๋ช…/๋ถ„} \times 30\text{๋ถ„} = 60\text{๋ช…}

๋งค์žฅ ๋‚ด ์†๋‹˜ ์ˆ˜(I)๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์†๋‹˜์„ ๋œ ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜(R ๊ฐ์†Œ) ์Œ๋ฃŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ ์ฒด๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„(T ๋‹จ์ถ•)์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์ง๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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DDMRP (Demand-Driven MRP)

Net Flow Position (NFP)

๊ธฐ์กด MRP์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„: ์˜ˆ์ธก(Forecast)์— ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๊ด„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ(Explosion)ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์š”/๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ณ€๋™ ์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋ฏผ(System Nervousness)๊ณผ ์ฑ„์ฐํšจ๊ณผ(Bullwhip Effect)๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ „ํ†ต์  MRP๋Š” ๋ณด์œ ์žฌ๊ณ (On-Hand)์™€ ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๊ณ (Scheduled Receipts)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, DDMRP๋Š” Net Flow Position (์ˆœํ๋ฆ„์œ„์น˜)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ฃผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จ

DDMRP์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์›๋ฆฌ: Decoupling point๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ Bullwhip Effect ๋ฐฉ์ง€. ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ „๋žต์  ์œ„์น˜์— ๋””์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ํฌ์ธํŠธ(Decoupling Points - ์žฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ„ํผ)๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ค์ œ ํ™•์ • ์ˆ˜์š”(Sales orders, Spikes ๋“ฑ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

๋ฒ„ํผ์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ‰์ƒ ์กด (Color Zones)

  • Red Zone (๋นจ๊ฐ•): ์•ˆ์ „์žฌ๊ณ (Safety Stock) ์˜์—ญ.

  • Yellow Zone (๋…ธ๋ž‘): ๋ฆฌ๋“œํƒ€์ž„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์ด๋™ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ณด์ถฉ ์žฌ๊ณ  ์˜์—ญ.

  • Green Zone (์ดˆ๋ก): ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ฃผ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ.

  • Top of Green (TOG - ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์žฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€ / Order-up-to Level):

= Red zone + Yellow zone + Green zone


  1. Net Flow Position (NFP, ์ˆœ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ํฌ์ง€์…˜) : "ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ๊ณ ์™€ ๊ณง ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ ์žฌ๊ณ ์—์„œ, ๋‹น์žฅ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋นผ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์€ ์ง„์งœ ๊ฐ€์šฉํ•œ ์žฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ"๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธ

  • NFP = On-Hand + On-Order - Qualified Sales Order Demand - Qualified Dependent Demand (๋ณด์œ ์žฌ๊ณ  + ๋ฐœ์ฃผ์ค‘์žฌ๊ณ /์ž…๊ณ ์˜ˆ์ • - ํ™•์ • ํŒ๋งค์ฃผ๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜์š” - ํ™•์ • ์ข…์†์ˆ˜์š”)

** Uncommitted demand forecast ๋Š” ์ œ์™ธํ•ด์•ผํ•จ.

  • ๋ฐœ์ฃผ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ (Replenishment Trigger): NFP๊ฐ€ Top of Yellow Zone ์ดํ•˜ (์ฆ‰, Red+Yellow ์ดํ•˜)๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ๋ณด์ถฉ ๋ฐœ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ

  1. ๋ฐœ์ฃผ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ (Order Quantity, Q) = Top of Green Level - NFP


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In-Transit Inventory (Pipeline inventory)

Daily Shipped Value = Annual Shipped Value / 365

Average In-Transit inventory = Daily Shipped Value x Transit Time