Exam 3 Textbook Questions

Based on the following scientific notation, what is the study design?

R O X1 O X2 O

R O X2 O X1 O

a. Randomized controlled trial

b. Randomized crossover design

c. Single subject design

d. Randomized factorial controlled trial

b. Randomized crossover design

Which scientific notation is consistent with a single-subject design?

a. ABABA

b. R O X1 O X2 O

R O X2 O X1 O

c. N O X O

N O O

d. R O X1f O

R O X2f O

R O X1m O

R O X2m O

a. ABABA

A researcher is interested in studying the efficacy of a joint protection training program for people with arthritis. Participants are randomly assigned to the joint protection training program or a treatment as usual condition. In the same study, one-half of the participants in each group randomly receive an orthotic and the other one-half do not. What is this type of design?

a. Randomized controlled trial

b. Randomized crossover design

c. Retrospective design

d. Randomized factorial design

d. Randomized factorial design

What type of effect is most important for determining if the intervention group improved significantly more than the control group?

a. Within effects

b. Between effects

c. Interaction effects

d. Group effects

c. Interaction effects

A researcher uses chart records from individuals receiving patient services and compares those who received mirror therapy with those who did not. what type of design is described in this scenario?

a. Randomized controlled trial

b. Pretest-posttest without a control

c. Randomized crossover design

d. Retrospective group comparison design

d. Retrospective group comparison design

If a researcher examines the time effects in a study by comparing pretest and posttest scores, this could also be described as:

a. Within subjects effect

b. Between subjects effect

c. Interaction effect

d. Group effect

a. Within subjects effect

A cluster randomized controlled trial would be classified as what level of evidence?

a. I

b. II

c. III

d. IV

c. III

What potential benefit may a nonrandomized controlled trial have over a randomized controlled trial?

a. The nonrandomized controlled trial might be similar to real world practice

b. It's more likely that the groups will be equivalent at baseline with a nonrandomized controlled trial

c. The difference in settings is not typically a design concern

d. You can be more confident that the intervention actually resulted in the improvement with a nonrandomized controlled trial

a. The nonrandomized controlled trial might be similar to real world practice

All other things being equal, which of the following designs requires a larger sample size?

a. Single-subject design

b. Randomized controlled trial

c. Factorial design

d. Crossover design

c. Factorial design

A crossover design is considered to be at the same level of evidence of what other design?

a. Single subject design

b. Randomized controlled trial

c. Nonrandomized controlled trial

d. Pretest-posttest without a control

b. Randomized controlled trial

In 2017, it was estimated that 7.1% of US adults experienced depression. This is an example of:

a. Incidence

b. Prevalence

c. Case control study

d. Correlational study

b. Prevalence

A common concern of survey research is:

a. Low power

b. Inefficient data collection

c. Low response rates

d. High drop-out rates

c. Low response rates

If the risk ratio is 1.00, which describes risk of developing a condition?

a. Has increased by 100%

b. There is no greater risk

c. Has decreased by 100%

d. You have a 50/50 chance of developing the condition

b. There is no greater risk

In a predictive study, which of the following conditions enhances your ability to assume that one event plays a role in causing another event?

a. When the correlations are >0.80

b. When a case control design is utilized

c. When the p value is

d. When the predictor occurs before the outcome

With a chronic condition such as osteoarthritis, you would expect:

a. Prevalence to be higher than incidence

b. Incidence to be higher than prevalence

c. Little to no difference between incidence and prevalence

a. Prevalence to be higher than incidence

Level III studies provide stronger evidence than Level IV studies because they:

a. Analyze the results of multiple studies

b. Provide longitudinal data

c. Are prospective in nature

d. Use large samples

b. Provide longitudinal data

A study finds that the number of hours of sleep is positively correlated with GPA. This means that:

a. More sleep is associated with a higher GPA

b. Less sleep is associated with a higher GPA

c. There is no relationship between sleep and GPA

d. More sleep causes you to have a higher GPA

a. More sleep is associated with a higher GPA

Which of the following types of research is longitudinal in nature?

a. Prevalence study

b. Correlational study

c. Prospective cohort study

d. Case control study

c. Prospective cohort study

Which statistic is most useful for determining the time it typically takes before a specific event occurs?

a. Frequencies

b. Multiple linear regression

c. Odds ratio

d. Hazards ratio

d. Hazards ratio

Which of the following terms does NOT apply to descriptive research?

a. Experimental

b. Nonexperimental

c. Observational

d. Cross-sectional

a. Experimental

Which of the following best typifies the shared decision making process?

a. Following the therapists advice

b. Obtaining a second opinion

c. Talking to peers to get their support for decision

d. Therapists and clients coming to consensus after both present their expertise on the topic

d. Therapists and clients coming to consensus after both present their expertise on the topic

Shared decision making is consistent with which approach to health care?

a. Medical model

b. Client-centered practice

c. Complementary therapies

d. Managed care

b. Client-centered practice

What is the name of the tool that therapists can use to share information with clients?

a. Decision aid

b. Decision tree

c. Systematic review

d. Practice guideline

a. Decision aid

Which of the following is the best example of the teach-back method?

a. The therapist teaches the client about the existing evidence.

b. The therapist provides research evidence to the client to back up their intervention choices.

c. After the therapist explains information to the client, the therapist asks the client to describe or restate the information in their own words

d. The therapist asks the client for information about their values and preferences.

c. After the therapist explains information to the client, the therapist asks the client to describe or restate the information in their own words

What term describes the process of communicating in a way that avoids jargon and is accessible to your clients?

a. Health literacy

b. Cultural competence

c. Health knowledge

d. Informed consent

a. Health literacy

From a shared decision-making perspective, which of the following approaches should a therapist use when a client does not want to be involved in the decision-making process?

a. Tell the client that it is their health; therefore, they need to make the decision

b. Take the client's values into account, make the decision, and then inform the client of the choices made and why

c. Stop burdening the client with information and make all of the decisions

d. Ask a relative or close friend to make decisions for the client

b. Take the client's values into account, make the decision, and then inform the client of the choices made and why

Which of the following is an example of a good question for ascertaining the values important in a health care decision?

a. Is decision making hard for you?

b. Do you have a job?

c. How much time do you have to devote to your therapy?

d. Do you want me to make your treatment decisions?

c. How much time do you have to devote to your therapy?

Shared decision making involves all except which one of the following ?

a. Education of the client about intervention options

b. Exploration of the client's values and preferences

c. Therapists' emphasis on their preferred option

d. Thorough discussions of the intervention options

c. Therapists' emphasis on their preferred option

In which type of group do professionals with a common background come together to learn about a topic and achieve a mutually agreed upon goal?

a. Community of practice

b. Journal club

c. Network

d. Treatment team

a. Community of practice

Which of the following is the conventional approach to a journal club?

a. A group of health care professionals invites a researcher(s) to describe their recently published studies

b. A group of health care professionals take turns selecting, presenting, and critiquing a journal article

c. A group of health care professionals review journal articles with the purpose of writing a systematic review

d. A group of health care professionals gather to express their clinical opinions with the goal of making decisions about best practices

b. A group of health care professionals take turns selecting, presenting, and critiquing a journal article