Chapter 24 - Bacteria and Archaea and Chapter 25 - Eukaryotes and Chapter 22 - Phylogeny

This Flashcard set is based off of assignments from class and from my sheet of notes taken during lecture. for BIO 121 at GVSU.

Photoheterotroph

Organism that gains energy from sunlight and carbon from organic molecules taken up from the enviroment

Chemoherterotroph

organism that gains both energy and carbon from organic molecules taken up from the enviroment

chemoautotroph

organism that gains energy from chemical reactions and carbon from CO2

photoautotroph

organism that gains energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2

Which statement is true regarding microbial mats?

All the choices are correct.

Describe three environmental extremes that certain Archaea species are known to thrive within.

Acidic, High Temps, and High Salinity

How do cattle digest complex plant polysaccharides like cellulose?

Bacterial populations in one of the four compartments of their stomachs are able to break the bonds between adjacent glucose units of cellulose.

Which element is cycled, due in part to the actions of archaea and bacteria?

All of these elements are cycled

Why would streptomycete bacteria be of particular interest to a pharmaceutical company?

Streptomycete bacteria produce antibiotic or antifungal compounds.

The last common ancestor of fungi, mammals, and archaea likely had which characteristics?

both a plasma membrane and a circular chromosome

It has been suggested that cyanobacteria are the most important organisms to have evolved on the Earth. What evidence justifies this view?

Cyanobacteria evolved the ability to use water as an electron donor in photosynthesis, generating the oxygen gas found in the atmosphere.

What would result in the false grouping of distantly related bacteria on a phylogeny?

Conjugation, transduction, and transformation

What statement are true regarding cyanobacteria?

1- They gave rise to oxygen in earth’s atmosphere and oceans

2- They contributed to establishing the carbon cycle

3- They helped to provide the basics for anaerobic respiration

1 and 2

Which characteristic is not a requirement for metabolic activity seen in the Archaea that enable them to live in hydrothermal vents, acidic or salty water, and the rumens of cows?

1- methane production

2- presence of oxygen

3- temperature preference

4- salt tolerance

5- acid tolerance

2

Which of these features is responsible for the evolutionary success of eukaryotes?

1- having complex patterns of gene regulation

2- possessing a dynamic endomembrane system

3- possessing a dynamic cytoskeleton

4- localizing where energy metabolism takes place

1,2,3, and 4

The time of origin for the first eukaryotic cell is based on evidence in the fossil record of coastal marine environments. Microfossils found in these environments have complicated wall structures, such as interlocking plates, long and branching arms, and complex internal layering. 

Comparison with living organisms suggests that such fossils could be formed only by organisms with a _____ and _____, the hallmarks of eukaryotic biology.

cytoskeleton; endomembrane system

Which statement represents evidence for the order of organelle evolution in eukaryotes?

1- The presence of some eukaryotes that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts reveals that it cannot be determined which organelle evolved first in eukaryotes.

2- The presence of some eukaryotes that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts reveals that it cannot be determined which organelle evolved first in eukaryotes.

3- Mitochondria evolved first because all eukaryotes have mitochondria or evidence of mitochondria, but not all eukaryotes have chloroplasts.

4- Chloroplasts evolved first because there was little to no oxygen available in Earth’s early atmosphere for mitochondria to use as a final electron acceptor.

4

Within the opisthokonts, animals are most closely related to:

choanoflagellates.

The archaeplastids, which include _____, are photosynthetic and are divided into three major groups: glaucocystophytes, _____, and Viridiplantae.

land plants; red algae

Stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians all descended from the same common ancestor. 

Which statement is a correct representation of the presence of photosynthesis in these groups?

Photosynthesis is the result of two separate endosymbiotic events in these groups, one of which occurred in the common ancestor of the stramenopiles and alveolates.

If you were to sequence the genome of a chloroplast and the genome of a cyanobacterial ancestor, which result would you expect to find?

The genome of the ancestor would be larger.

Opisthokonts are the _____ diverse eukaryotic superkingdom. They include _____ and fungi, as well as choanoflagellates.

most; animals

Which of these statements describes a symbiotic relationship between two organisms?

Two organisms live in close, long-term, physical association with each other.

Photosynthetic protists are informally referred to as:

algae.

Which of these answer choices is a description of a protozoan?

1- a heterotrophic protist

2- a chemotrophic protist

3- a photosynthetic protist

4- a chemotrophic prokaryote

5- a heterotrophic prokaryote

1

Traits that are similar in two species as a result of common ancestry are referred to as:

homologous

According to the fossil record, when did the earliest animals appear on Earth?

580 million years ago

True or False. The order of groups along the tips of a phylogenetic tree indicates how closely those groups are related.

False

Seals and penguins both have streamlined body forms that allow them to move through the water efficiently. This similarity in body shape is most likely the result of:

convergent evolution.

How do fossils provide evidence of evolutionary history?

Fossils provide a record of extinct species.

axa that have descended from a common ancestor are expected to:

show a nested pattern of nodes from the common ancestor.

Traits that are shared by more than one member of a group because of common ancestry are known as:

synapomorphies.

True or False. Phylogenetic methods based on DNA sequences and data from the fossil record show that the evolutionary link between birds and crocodiles runs through dinosaurs.

False

Which of the answer choices is most likely to fossilize?

a crayfish that died in its muddy burrow by a creek

True or False. Only homologous characters are useful in constructing phylogenetic trees.

True

In order to be useful for constructing a phylogeny, a character must:

In order to be useful for constructing a phylogeny, a character must: