Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Where are light reactions? What are their inputs? What are their outputs?

Thylakoid membrane, inputs: light, water, NADP+, & ADP, outputs: oxygen, ATP, & NADPH

Where is Photosystem ll? What are their inputs? What are their outputs?

thylakoid membrane, inputs: light, water , outputs: oxygen, hydrogen ions, high-energy electrons

Where is electron transport chain ? What are their inputs? What are their outputs?

thylakoid membrane, inputs: high-energy electrons, outputs: lower-energy electrons, hydrogen ions

Where is Photosystem l? What are their inputs? What are their outputs?

thylakoid membrane, inputs: light, electrons, outputs: NADPH

Where is ATP synthase? What are their inputs? What are their outputs?

thylakoid membrane, inputs: ADP + P, Hydrogen ions, outputs: ATP

Where are Dark reactions? What are their inputs? What are their outputs?

stroma, input: Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH, outputs: sugars, ADP, NADP+

Why do plants look green?

Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb light in the green region well, the green is reflected.

How do C4 plants go through photosynthesis? What are examples?

Significant structural modification in the arrangement of cells within the leaves to maintain photosynthesis while reducing water loss. Low levels of carbon dioxide requires extra energy in the form of ATP to work under intense and temperatures. Ex: corn & sugar cane.

How do CAM plants go through photosynthesis? What are examples?

They collect carbon dioxide at night and store it in organic compounds during the day. Plants release carbon dioxide from organic compounds for the light dependent cycle. Ex: desert plants.

Chorophyll

principle pigment of green plants

Chloroplasts

organelle where photosynthesis takes place

Thylakoid

flattened sac-like membrane in the choroplasts

Stroma

fluid-filled space outside the grana in chloroplasts

Stromata

tiny pores/openings in plant leaves that allows carbon dioxide to enter and releases oxygen

Granum

stacks of thylakoids

Pigments

light-absorbing colored molecules, in the thylakoid membrane

Electron Carriers

a special carrier that high-energy electrons require, they can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them and most of their energy

Glucose

type of sugar

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, most important biological molecules that provides chemical energy

Where is glycolysis? What are their inputs? What are their outputs?

cytoplasm, inputs: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP, outputs: 2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 ADP

Where is the krebs cycle? What are their inputs? What are their outputs?

mitochondrial matrix, inputs: 2 pyruvic acid, NAD+, Acetyl-CoA, ADP, FAD, outputs: NADH, Carbon DIoxide, Acetyl-CoA, ATP, FADH₂

Where is Electron Transport? What are their inputs? What are their outputs?

Inner mitochondrial membrane, Inputs: NADH, FADH₂, oxygen, hydrogen, ADP, outputs: NAD+, FAD, water, ATP

Where is Lactic Acid Fermenation? What are their inputs? What are their outputs?

cytoplasm/cytosol, inputs: 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, outputs: 2 Lactic acid, 2 NAD+

Where is Alcohol Fermentation? What are their inputs? What are their outputs?

cytoplasm/cytosol, input: 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, output: 2 NAD+, 2 ethyl alcohol, 1 CO₂

Where do our bodies get short-term energy from?

ATP from muscles and lactic acid fermation

Where do our bodies get long-term energy from?

Cellular Respiration to continue generating ATP

Autotroph

makes their own food from sunlight or inorganic substances

Heterotroph

Organisms getting its energy by consuming other organisms

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

6CO₂ + 6H₂O light= C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

What colors do chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids absorb?

A: absorbs purple & orange/reds, B: absorbs blue/purple & orange, cartenoids: absorbs purple, blue, a little green

What colors have the longest and shortest wavelength?

Longest: red, Shortest: purple

Photosynthesis

anabolic pathway in which light energy from the sun is converted to stored chemical energy for use by the cell, in the chloroplasts

Balanced Equation for Cellular Respiration

6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ = 6CO_{2 +} 6H₂O + energy

Cellular Respiration

a process of energy conservation that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen, in animal cells

Glycolysis

the chemical pathway that glucose first enters, it needs oxygen to produce ATP

What does anaerobic and aerobic mean?

Anaerobic: without oxygen (fermentation), aerobic: with oxygen (Krebs cycle & electron transport)

Energy

the ability to do work

Thermodynamics

the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics

The Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can be converted, but not created or destroyed

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy can’t be converted without the loss of usable energy, entropy increases

Entropy

Disorder or unusable energy

Metabolism

all chemical reactions in a cell

Metabolic Pathway

A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one is the substrate for the next

Catabolic Pathways

release energy by breaking down larger molecules

Anabolic Pathways

use energy to build larger molecules

ATP Structure

A nucleotide made of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups

ATP Function

ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken

What is sunlight?

White light that is actually a mixture of different wavelengths

What do photosynthetic organisms do?

capture energy from sunlight with pigments (mainly chlorophyll)

What does NADPH do?

can carry the high-energy electrons that were produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell

Photosystems

clusters of chlorophyll and proteins in thylakoids

What happens in the electron transport chain?

a series of electron carrier proteins shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions

What happens in Photosystem 1?

electrons are reenergized, second electron transport chain transfers electrons to NADP+ producing NADPH

What happens during ATP formation?

the difference in both charge and hydrogen ion concentration across the membrane provides energy to make ATP.

Carbon FIxation

the first step of the Calvin cycle, CO₂ molecules combine with 5-carbon molecules to form 3-PGA

What is the 2nd step in the Calvin cycle?

chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH is transferred to the 3 PGA to form G3P

what happens when CO₂ enters the cell in the calvin cycle?

six carbon dioxide molecules from atmosphere combine with 6 5-carbon molecules, this produces 12 3-carbon compounds

Sugar production in the Calvin cycle

Energy from ATP and high-energy electrons from NADPH are used to convert the 3-carbon molecules to higher-energy froms.

3rd step of Calvin cycle

some G3P molecules leave the cycle to be used for the production of glucose and other organic compounds

4th step of calvin cycle

enzyme called rubisco converts the remaining G3P molecules into 5-carbon molecules called RuBP, these molecules combine with the new CO₂ and continue the cycle

What factors affect photosynthesis?

temperature, light intensity, availability of water

Chemiosmosis

A process the cell uses in electron transport to produce ATP

What is the total ATP from cellular respiration

30-42 ATP (36) g:2, k:2 & CO₂, et: 32

Fermentation

releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP, anaerobic

What organisms use alcoholic fermentation?

yeasts and few other microrganisms

What Fermentation process do most organisms carry out?

Lactic Acid Fermentation