Instructions and Augmented Feedback Design

What do instructions provide to a learner?

Information about the goal, the movement or strategy to use, relevant conditions, and what counts as successful performance.

Why can instructions improve early performance?

They direct attention toward task-relevant information and reduce uncertainty about what to do.

Do better performance during practice and better learning mean the same thing?

No. Performance is a temporary behavior during practice; learning is a relatively permanent capability, shown by retention or transfer tests.

What is an instructional set?

The particular instructions or focus given before or during a task, such as focusing on movement form versus the outcome.

What is intrinsic feedback?

Sensory information naturally available from performing the movement, including vision, proprioception, touch, hearing, and vestibular sensations.

What is augmented feedback?

Information about performance that comes from an external source, such as a coach, instructor, video, score, or device.

How do intrinsic and augmented feedback differ?

Intrinsic feedback is naturally available through the learner's senses; augmented feedback is added by an outside source.

What is knowledge of results (KR)?

Augmented feedback about the outcome of an action relative to the goal—for example, the score, distance from a target, or whether the target was hit.

What is knowledge of performance (KP)?

Augmented feedback about the movement pattern or technique that produced the outcome—for example, elbow position or timing of a step.

What dimensions of augmented feedback should you be able to define?

Its content/type (KR or KP), timing, frequency, precision, and delivery method.

What is concurrent augmented feedback?

Feedback provided while the movement is occurring.

What is terminal augmented feedback?

Feedback provided after the movement is completed.

Why can delayed feedback help learning?

A delay can give learners time to use their own intrinsic feedback and make an error estimate before relying on external feedback.

What is a feedback delay interval?

The time between completion of the response and the presentation of augmented feedback.

What is a post-feedback delay interval?

The time after feedback before the next response; it can allow the learner to process the feedback and plan the next attempt.

What is faded feedback?

Feedback that is frequent early in practice and gradually reduced as the learner becomes more capable.

Why might 100 percent feedback not produce the best learning?

It can make learners dependent on external feedback and reduce their use of intrinsic feedback and self-evaluation.

What is bandwidth feedback?

Feedback given only when an error falls outside a preset acceptable range or bandwidth.

What is summary feedback?

Feedback delivered after several trials, summarizing performance across that set of attempts.

What is average feedback?

Feedback delivered after several trials that reports the learner's average performance over those trials.

What is self-controlled feedback?

Feedback the learner requests when they feel they need it, rather than receiving it on a fixed schedule.

What does feedback precision mean?

How specific or detailed the information is about the error or performance.

What delivery methods can be used for KP?

Verbal cues, demonstrations, video replay, movement traces/graphs, and physical or manual guidance.

What are the core parts of a standardized augmented-feedback delivery system?

A consistent task/goal, a way to measure performance, a comparison with a criterion, a rule for when feedback is given, and a consistent way to present it.

Which studies should you be ready to recognize from this week?

Bilodeau et al. lever experiment; Kernodle and Carlton sponge-ball throw study; Winstein crutch experiment; Winstein and Schmidt fading-technique experiment; Sherwood rapid-arm-movement experiment; Janelle throwing study; and Trowbridge drawing study.

What is bandwidth feedback?

feedback given only when an error falls outside a preset acceptable range or bandwidth.

What is summary feedback?

Feedback delivered after several trials, summarizing performance across that set of attempts.

What is average feedback?

Feedback delivered after several trials that reports the learner's average performance over those trials.

What is self-controlled feedback?

Feedback the learner requests when they feel they need it, rather than receiving it on a fixed schedule.

What does feedback precision mean?

How specific or detailed the information is about the error or performance.

What is a potential drawback of very precise feedback?

It can overwhelm the learner or encourage dependence; the most detailed feedback is not automatically the most useful.

What is a potential advantage of less precise feedback?

It may encourage the learner to interpret intrinsic feedback and solve movement problems independently.

What delivery methods can be used for KP?

Verbal cues, demonstrations, video replay, movement traces/graphs, and physical or manual guidance.

What are the core parts of a standardized augmented-feedback delivery system?

A consistent task/goal, a way to measure performance, a comparison with a criterion, a rule for when feedback is given, and a consistent way to present it.

What should you determine when interpreting an augmented-feedback study?

The feedback condition, what outcome was measured, and whether the result reflects acquisition performance or retention/transfer learning.

Which studies should you be ready to recognize from this week?

Bilodeau et al. lever experiment; Kernodle and Carlton sponge-ball throw study; Winstein crutch experiment; Winstein and Schmidt fading-technique experiment; Sherwood rapid-arm-movement experiment; Janelle throwing study; and Trowbridge drawing study.