Ch. 48

If you were stranded in the Sahara Desert with very little water, you would likely die as a result of ____.

a. dehydration only

b. hyperthermia only

c. hypothermia only

d. dehydration and hyperthermia

e. dehydration, hyperthermia, and hypothermia

d

Osmoregulation is the control of ____.

a. the internal environment

b. temperature

c. metabolic wastes

d. water and ion balance

e. hyperthermia

d

Osmolarity is the ____.

a. total solute plus solvent concentration in a solution

b. total solvent concentration in a solution

c. ratio of solvent to solute in a solution

d. total solute concentration in a solution

e. ratio of solute to solvent in a solution

d

Suppose a cell's membrane is permeable to water, but not to Na+ or Cl- or any other solute. The NaCl concentration is

higher outside the cell than inside the cell, and the osmolarity of the cell is higher than that of the solution surrounding the

cell. What will occur?

a. Overall, the cell will lose water.

b. Overall, the cell will take up water, Na+, and Cl-.

c. Overall, the cell will take up water.

d. Overall, the cell will take up water and lose Na+ and Cl-.

e. Overall, the cell will lose water and take up Na+ and Cl-.

c

The typical osmolarity of most body fluids in humans and other mammals is about ____ mOsm/L.

a. 5

b. 225

c. 300

d. 1000

e. 1500

c

Most marine animals have an osmolarity of about ____ mOsm/L.

a. 5

b. 225

c. 300

d. 1000

e. 1500

d

The typical osmolarity of body fluids in most freshwater invertebrates is about ____ mOsm/L.

a. 5

b. 225

c. 300

d. 1000

e. 1500

b

Which animals are typically osmoconformers?

a. freshwater teleost fishes

b. sharks

c. birds

d. marine teleost fishes

e. freshwater invertebrates

b

In all but the simplest animals, osmoregulation and excretion is carried out using tubules that are ____.

a. specialized blood vessels

b. part of the lining of the digestive tract

c. modifications of the respiratory and digestive systems

d. associated with the surface of the skin

e. formed from transport epithelium

e

The nonselective movement of water and a number of solutes into excretory system tubules is called --____.

a. reabsorption

b. excretion

c. filtration

d. secretion

e. diffusion

c

The exiting of wastes from the excretory system is called ____.

a. reabsorption

b. excretion

c. filtration

d. secretion

e. diffusion

b

The selective movement of specific small molecules and ions into excretory system tubules is called ____.

a. reabsorption

b. excretion

c. filtration

d. secretion

e. diffusion

d

The movement of some molecules and ions out of excretory system tubules and back into body fluids is called ____.

a. reabsorption

b. excretion

c. filtration

d. secretion

e. diffusion

a

Suppose sugar is removed from an excretory system tubule and returned to the blood. This would be an example of

____.

a. reabsorption

b. excretion

c. filtration

d. secretion

e. diffusion

a

The main form of nitrogenous wastes released by aquatic invertebrates to their environment is ____.

a. nitrate

b. ammonia

c. uric acid

d. amino acids

e. urea

b

6. The main form of nitrogenous wastes released by mammals to their environment is ____.

a. nitrate

b. ammonia

c. uric acid

d. amino acids

e. urea

e

The main form of nitrogenous wastes released by birds to their environment is ____.

a. nitrate

b. ammonia

c. uric acid

d. amino acids

e. Urea

c

Compared to uric acid, producing urea as the main form of nitrogenous waste requires ____.

a. more energy and water

b. less energy and water

c. more energy and less water

d. the same amount of energy and water

e. less energy and more water

e

The relatively simple excretory system used by flatworms consists of tubules called ____.

a. nephrons

b. hepatic tubules

c. metanephridia

d. Malpighian tubules

e. protonephridia

e

The smallest branches of ____ end with a large flame cell.

a. nephrons

b. hepatic tubules

c. metanephridia

d. Malpighian tubules

e. protonephridia

e

Protonephridia are found in ____.

a. annelids

b. mammals

c. flatworms

d. insects

e. reptiles

c

The excretory system used by adult mollusks consists of tubules called ____.

a. nephrons

b. hepatic tubules

c. metanephridia

d. Malpighian tubules

e. protonephridia

c

Metanephridia are found in ____.

a. annelids

b. mammals

c. flatworms

d. insects

e. reptiles

a

You examine an animal and find that it an excretory tubule with a closed proximal end immersed in hemolymph and a

distal end that empties into the gut. You correctly identify this tubule as a ____.

a. nephron

b. hepatic tubule

c. metanephridium

d. Malpighian tubule

e. protonephridium

d

Malpighian tubules are found in ____.

a. annelids

b. mammals

c. flatworms

d. insects

e. reptiles

d

Nitrogenous waste is excreted from Malpighian tubules mainly in the form of ____.

a. nitrate

b. ammonia

c. uric acid

d. amino acids

e. urea

c

True kidneys have tubules called ____.

a. nephrons

b. hepatic tubules

c. metanephridia

d. Malpighian tubules

e. protonephridia

a

Nephrons are found in ____.

a. annelids

b. mammals

c. flatworms

d. insects

e. adult mollusks

b

The descending segment of the longest loops of Henle descend into the ____.

a. renal pelvis

b. renal cortex

c. Bowman's capsule

d. collecting ducts

e. renal medulla

e

The tube through which urine leaves the urinary bladder is called the ____.

a. collecting duct

b. urethra

c. renal pelvis

d. ureter

e. renal vein

b

In mammals, the filtrate leaves the blood by exiting from the ____.

a. efferent arteriole

b. peritubular capillaries

c. renal artery

d. afferent arteriole

e. glomerulus

e

In mammals, the glomerulus is located within the ____.

a. distal convoluted tubule

b. Bowman's capsule

c. descending segment of the loop of Henle

d. proximal convoluted tubule

e. ascending segment of the loop of Henle

b

In mammals, urine drains out of the ____ into a collecting duct.

a. distal convoluted tubule

b. Bowman's capsule

c. descending segment of the loop of Henle

d. proximal convoluted tubule

e. ascending segment of the loop of Henle

a

Because it has no aquaporins, water is generally trapped in the ____ in mammals.

a. distal convoluted tubule

b. Bowman's capsule

c. descending segment of the loop of Henle

d. proximal convoluted tubule

e. ascending segment of the loop of Henle

e

As filtrate moves through the ____ in mammals, it generally undergoes a dramatic decrease in osmolarity.

a. distal convoluted tubule

b. Bowman's capsule

c. descending segment of the loop of Henle

d. proximal convoluted tubule

e. ascending segment of the loop of Henle

e

The ____ in mammals allows water to exit but does not allow ions or urea to exit.

a. distal convoluted tubule

b. Bowman's capsule

c. descending segment of the loop of Henle

d. proximal convoluted tubule

e. ascending segment of the loop of Henle

c

The ____ of the mammalian nephron receives the filtrate first.

a. distal convoluted tubule

b. Bowman's capsule

c. descending segment of the loop of Henle

d. proximal convoluted tubule

e. ascending segment of the loop of Henle

b

Molecules and ions reabsorbed from the nephron reenter the blood at the ____.

a. efferent arteriole

b. peritubular capillaries

c. renal artery

d. afferent arteriole

e. glomerulus

b

Aquaporins are ____.

a. cells that are specialized for water transport

b. transport channels for water

c. the entry point of filtrate into a nephron

d. transport channels for ions

e. the exit channel for urine out of a nephron

b

Where in the mammalian kidney would you expect to find cells with the highest concentration of osmolytes such as

sorbitol?

a. renal pelvis

b. renal cortex

c. Bowman's capsule

d. collecting ducts

e. renal medulla

e

The kangaroo rat gets the bulk of its water from ____.

a. drinking liquids

b. absorption through its skin

c. ingesting food

d. oxidative reactions in its cells

e. reuptake of water from urine

d

The urine of marine mammals is ____ when compared to ____.

a. hypoosmotic; seawater

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Chapter 48 - Regulating the Internal Environment

b. hypoosmotic; their body fluids

c. hyperosmotic; seawater

d. isoosmotic; their body fluids

e. isoosmotic; seawater

c

Research has demonstrated that ____ play a role in the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease in mice models.

a. hexokinases

b. dsRNAs

c. miRNAs

d. rRNAs

e. sorbitases

c

Polycystic kidney disease results in kidney failure due to ____.

a. compression of nephrons

b. compression of the glomerulus

c. swelling of nephrons

d. swelling of the glomerulus

e. blocking aquaporins

a

Cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete ____ in response to a significant drop in blood pressure or blood

volume.

a. atrial natriuretic factor

b. renin

c. aldosterone

d. antidiuretic hormone

e. angiotensin

b

The adrenal cortex produces ____ to trigger increased Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys.

a. atrial natriuretic factor

b. renin

c. aldosterone

d. antidiuretic hormone

e. angiotensin

c

In response to a significant drop in blood pressure, ____ is produced, which quickly raises blood pressure by

constricting many arterioles.

a. atrial natriuretic factor

b. renin

c. aldosterone

d. antidiuretic hormone

e. angiotensin

e

Produced in the posterior pituitary, ____ increases water absorption in the kidneys.

a. atrial natriuretic factor

b. renin

c. aldosterone

d. antidiuretic hormone

e. angiotensin

d

The ____ is a hormone produced by specialized cells in the heart in response to high blood pressure.

a. atrial natriuretic factor

b. renin

c. aldosterone

d. antidiuretic hormone

e. angiotensin

a

Osmoreceptors help the body deal with dehydration in part by stimulating release of ____.

a. atrial natriuretic factor

b. renin

c. aldosterone

d. antidiuretic hormone

e. angiotensin

d

The osmoreceptors that detect and react to dehydration are located in the ____.

a. hypothalamus

b. adrenal glands

c. efferent arteriole

d. kidneys

e. posterior pituitary

a

Marine teleost fishes deal with the osmotic stress of living in seawater mainly by ____.

a. active transport of ions into the body through the gills

b. excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea

c. active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells

d. excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads

e. maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids

c

Sharks and rays deal with the osmotic stress of living in seawater mainly by ____.

a. active transport of ions into the body through the gills

b. excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea

c. active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells

d. excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads

e. maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids

e

Freshwater fishes deal with the osmotic stress of living in hypoosmotic conditions in part by ____.

a. active transport of ions into the body through the gills

b. excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea

c. active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells

d. excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads

e. maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids

a

Many birds, such as seagulls which rarely drink fresh water, deal with the osmotic stress of taking in large quantities

of salt in their food mainly by ____.

a. active transport of ions into the body through their feet

b. excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea

c. active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells

d. excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads

e. maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids

d

The process of ____ is the flow of heat between atoms or molecules in direct contact.

a. conduction

b. radiation

c. evaporation

d. convection

e. radiative cooling

a

The process of ____ is the transfer of heat from a body to a fluid that passes over its surface.

a. conduction

b. radiation

c. evaporation

d. convection

e. radiative cooling

d

Organisms that obtain heat primarily from the external environment are called ____.

a. endotherms

b. isotherms

c. exotherms

d. ectotherms

e. allotherms

d

Organisms that obtain heat primarily from internal physiological sources are called ____.

a. endotherms

b. isotherms

c. exotherms

d. ectotherms

e. allotherms

a

As temperature decreases, the metabolic rate of an endotherm typically ____ and the metabolic rate of an ectotherm

typically ____.

a. decreases; decreases

b. increases; decreases

c. decreases; increases

d. increases; increases

e. increases; remains the same

b

Many terrestrial ectotherms regulate their temperature by ____.

a. moving into or out of the shade

b. eating more

c. hibernating

d. growing more hair

e. increasing metabolic rate

a

Physiological changes that occur in ectotherms in response to seasonal temperature shifts are called ____.

a. estivation

b. hyperthermia

c. thermal acclimatization

d. hypothermia

e. hibernation

c

An example of an ectotherm is a(n) ____.

a. elephant

b. lizard

c. owl

d. bat

e. human

b

An example of an endotherm is a ____.

a. mouse

b. salamander

c. turtle

d. frog

e. snake

a

Mammals may ____ as a response to cold in order to limit the amount of heat lost to the surroundings.

a. shiver

b. go off to lay alone so that others do not take their heat

c. press hair shafts close to the body

d. reduce blood flow to the skin

e. lose brown adipose tissue

d

In humans, brown adipose tissue is used for ____.

a. nitrogenous waste processing

b. controlling blood pressure

c. nonshivering thermogenesis

d. digestion of fats

e. cooling the body when exposed

c

In humans, an increase of body temperature a few degrees above normal for a prolonged period produces a state called

____.

a. estivation

b. hyperthermia

c. thermal acclimatization

d. hypothermia

e. hibernation

b

The human temperature set point typically ____.

a. ranges from about 96.0°F to about 99.9°F

b. stays right at about 98.6°F

c. stays right at about 96.8°F

d. ranges from about 98.0°F to about 99.5°F

e. ranges from about 94.0°F to about 99.0°F

a

An extended period of torpor entered by an animal during the winter when the environment is too cold and food is

scarce is called ____.

a. estivation

b. hyperthermia

c. thermal acclimatization

d. hypothermia

e. hibernation

a

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by ____.

a. large amounts of protein in the urine

b. the inability to thermoregulate

c. the inability to urinate

d. large amounts of urea in the urine

e. increased urine production

a

Martin Pollak studies kidney disease in humans. Why does he use human subjects in his research, instead of animal

models?

a. He can perform invasive experiments on humans.

b. He can carry out planned matings in humans.

c. Humans have a long generation time.

d. He can examine renal phenotypes in conjunction with genetic analyses.

e. He can genetically manipulate his patients

d

Choose the nephron structure that best matches the description. Some choices may be used more than once.

a. ascending segment of the loop of Henle

Na+ and Cl- are actively transported out here, but water and urea are not moved across the membrane

. may start in the medulla and end in the cortex

tubule segment that usually has the largest decrease in osmolarity

b. proximal convoluted tubule

site of over half of the water reabsorption from the filtrate

site of reabsorption of nearly all glucose

c. Bowman's capsule

site where water and small substances are first passed into the nephron

surrounds the glomerulus

d. descending segment of the loop of Henle

may start in the cortex and end in the medulla

tubule segment that usually has the largest increase in osmolarity

e. distal convoluted tubule

empties into a collecting duct

Considering solutions on either side of a selectively permeable membrane, a solution of higher osmolarity is said to be

hyperosmotic to a solution of lower osmolarity

true

Flatworms and mussels have cellular and extracellular fluids with osmolarity lower than that of the external environment

false

Marine mammals produce uric acid that is less concentrated than seawater

false

Elevated blood pressure stimulates specialized cells in the heart to release antidiuretic hormone, a peptide hormone

that inhibits renin release.

false

The hormone ADH causes the reabsorption of water in the kidney by increasing the number of aquaporin water

channels in the plasma membrane of the collecting ducts.

true

A marine fish's kidney plays little role in nitrogenous-waste removal.

true

The temperature range that provides good organismal performance is the same from one species to another

false

All animals gain or lose heat by a combination of four general mechanisms

true

Winged arthropods rely solely on behavioral mechanisms for thermoregulation.

false

Torpor during the summer is called estivation.

true