Mader Biology 14th Edition — Chapter 12 — Multiple Choice and True/False Review

An unknown chemical is analyzed and found to contain the bases thymine and guanine. This chemical is most likely A) tRNA. B) rRNA. C) mRNA. D) DNA.

D) DNA.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the debate over the nature of genetic material? A) Many scientists believed that DNA was not the genetic material because, with only four types of nucleotides, DNA did not have enough variability to store information. B) Some scientiststhought that RNA was likely to be the genetic material. C) Many scientists thought that proteins had a greater capacity for storing information because proteins contain 20 amino acids that could be sequenced differently. D) Scientists focused on carbohydrate and protein in their studies of possible genetic material since they knew that genes were on chromosomes and that chromosomes were made of carbohydrate and protein.

D) Scientists focused on carbohydrate and protein in their studies of possible genetic material since they knew that genes were on chromosomes and that chromosomes were made of carbohydrate and protein.

Which of the following statements applies to the semiconservative nature of DNA replication? A) The old strand ispulled apart and reformed into the new strand. B) The new strandserves asa template for the old strand. C) None of thesestatements apply to the semiconservative nature of DNA replication. D) The old strandsserve as a template for the old strand.

D) The old strandsserve as a template for the old strand.

What properties must a substance possess in order to serve as the genetic material? Select all that apply. A) It must consist of many different types of subunits in order to code for the large variety of characteristics of a living organism. B) It must be able to store information that pertains to the development,structure, and metabolic activities of the cell or organism. C) It must be able to catalyze chemical reactions at very high speeds in order to direct the metabolic activities of the cell. D) It must be able to undergo rare changes, called mutations, that provide the genetic variability required for evolution to occur. E) It must be stable, so that it can be replicated with high accuracy during cell division and be transmitted from generation to generation.

B) It must be able to store information that pertains to the development,structure, and metabolic activities of the cell or organism.; D) It must be able to undergo rare changes, called mutations, that provide the genetic variability required for evolution to occur.; E) It must be stable, so that it can be replicated with high accuracy during cell division and be transmitted from generation to generation.

Growth at two replication forks arising from a single origin of replication produce a "bubble" as daughter DNA molecules form. True or False?

TRUE.

Scientists have created genetically modified organisms (GMOs) by isolating and then transferring the jellyfish gene for green fluorescent protein into pigs, bacteria, plants, and mice. The result was bioluminescent organisms! These experiments demonstrate that A) genes have no difficulty crossing the species barrier. B) animal genes from one species will not function if transferred into other animals. C) genes can only be transferred to other organisms within the same species. D) jellyfish genes may be transferred into other aquatic ectotherms, but not mammals.

A) genes have no difficulty crossing the species barrier.

In order to help firmly establish DNA as the genetic material, Hershey and Chase radioactively tagged viral protein in one experiment and radioactively tagged viral RNA in the other experiment. True or False?

FALSE.

All of the following are associated with translation except A) Binding of two tRNA molecules per ribosome. B) Growth of a polypeptide chain. C) Liberation of polypeptide from the ribosome. D) Production of mRNA. E) Attachment of a ribosome to mRNA.

D) Production of mRNA.

In the Watson and Crick model of DNA, the "steps" of the ladder are composed of A) two purines. B) a purine and a pyrimidine. C) sugars. D) two pyrimidines. E) a sugar and a phosphate molecule.

B) a purine and a pyrimidine.

Which is NOT true about the genetic code? A) It contains start and stop codons as instructions. B) Each codon consists of three bases. C) It is composed of triplet codes. D) The groundwork for cracking the code began with the use of synthetic RNA. E) Most amino acids have only one codon.

E) Most amino acids have only one codon.

For translation to take place, which of the following does NOT need to be present? A) rRNA B) mRNA C) ribosome D) tRNA-amino acid complex E) DNA

E) DNA.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) takes a message from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. True or False?

FALSE.

During DNA replication, the enzyme _____ catalyzes the elongation of new DNA strands. A) ATP synthase B) helicase C) DNA polymerase D) DNA ligase

C) DNA polymerase.

During the elongation of a polypeptide chain, _____ occurs when the mRNA moves to the next site on the ribosome to read the next codon. A) transcription B) translation C) translocation D) transference

C) translocation.

Which of the following polypeptide chains would be sequenced from the mRNA code AGG-GAG-CCC? A) serine - leucine -proline B) arginine -glutamate - proline C) arginine -glutamate - alanine D) serine - aspartate - proline

B) arginine -glutamate - proline.

In order for a new nucleotide to be joined to a growing nucleic acid, it must be linked to the phosphate group on the 5' end of the previous nucleotide. True or False?

FALSE.

During the replication of DNA, DNA polymerase has to synthesize the daughter strand in the 5' to 3' direction because DNA polymerase can only join nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing new strand. True or False?

TRUE.

Which of the following items relate specifically to purines? Select all that apply. A) nucleotides with a double ring B) nucleotides with a single ring C) adenine D) guanine E) cytosine

A) nucleotides with a double ring; C) adenine; D) guanine.

In order to help firmly establish DNA as the genetic material, Hershey and Chase performed an experiment using viruses and mice. True or False?

FALSE.

Which statement is NOT true about DNA replication in prokaryotes? A) Since bacterial cells replicate so rapidly, a second round of replication may begin before the first has been completed. B) Replication occurs at about 1 million base pairs per minute. C) Replication is bidirectional from the origin(s). D) There are many bacterial chromosomes, with replication occurring in each at the same time. E) Replication begins at a single origin of replication.

D) There are many bacterial chromosomes, with replication occurring in each at the same time.

Approximately how many base pairs are improperly matched before being repaired by the DNA polymerase? A) 1 in a billion B) 1 in 10,000 C) 1 in 1,000,000 D) 1 in 10,000,000 E) 1 in 100,000

E) 1 in 100,000.

Which of the following statements are true about DNA replication in eukaryotes? Select all that apply. A) Multiple sites of replication are present on each chromosome. B) Eukaryotes have many different chromosomes, with replication occurring in each at the same time. C) Replication occurs at the rate of about 500-5000 base pairs per minute. D) Replication of the entire genome takes about ten minutes. E) A replication fork occurs at each growing point of the replicating chromosome(s).

A) Multiple sites of replication are present on each chromosome.; B) Eukaryotes have many different chromosomes, with replication occurring in each at the same time.; C) Replication occurs at the rate of about 500-5000 base pairs per minute.; E) A replication fork occurs at each growing point of the replicating chromosome(s).

Nucleotides contain all of the following except A) histones. B) a phosphate group. C) a nitrogen base. D) a 5-carbon sugar.

A) histones.

Determine the number of codon sequences it would require to produce the following amino acid sequence: alanine - proline - serine - isoleucine - stop. A) It would take 6codon sequences. B) It would take 4codon sequences. C) It would take 5codon sequences. D) It would take 3codon sequences.

C) It would take 5codon sequences.

Why was the X-ray diffraction photography of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins considered critical evidence in the study of DNA? A) The photographs showed equal numbers of purines and pyrimidines. B) The photographs showed the bases of DNA were held together by hydrogen bonds. C) The photographs indicated that DNA has a double helix structure. D) The photographs revealed the structure of the deoxyribose sugar. E) The photographs showed the location of each adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

C) The photographs indicated that DNA has a double helix structure.

The correct sequence of events in translation is A) initiation, termination, elongation. B) initiation, elongation, termination. C) elongation, termination, initiation. D) termination, elongation, initiation. E) elongation, initiation, termination.

B) initiation, elongation, termination.

Transformation of bacteria was shown to occur when _____ bacteria were injected into mice and the mice _____. A) live R strain; didn't die B) live R strain and dead S strain; died C) live S and R strain; died D) live S strain and dead R strain; didn't die E) live S strain; died

B) live R strain and dead S strain; died.

If a DNA sample contains 13% adenine, what percentage of the sample contains cytosine? A) 74% B) 26% C) 37% D) 13%

C) 37%.

You come across an article on alien nucleic acid structure. The article states that researchers have discovered a new single-ring nucleotide. Based on your knowledge of nucleic acids here on Earth, which of the following characteristics might apply to this new nucleotide? Select all that apply. A) The new nucleotide may be similar to uracil. B) The new nucleotide may be similar to cytosine. C) The new nucleotide may be similar to guanine. D) The new nucleotide is probably a pyramidine. E) The new nucleotide is probably a purine.

A) The new nucleotide may be similar to uracil.; B) The new nucleotide may be similar to cytosine.; D) The new nucleotide is probably a pyramidine.

A(n) _____ is a group of three bases on tRNA that is complementary to a specific mRNA codon. A) codon B) anticodon C) cap D) poly-A tail

B) anticodon.

A DNA molecule is considered antiparallel because the sugar-phosphate groups that are chained together to make each strand are oriented in opposite directions. True or False?

TRUE.

Before Watson and Crick described DNA structure, Linus Pauling proposed a possible model with three strands of support running down the middle and the bases extending out the sides. How did Pauling's model differ from Watson and Crick's? A) Pauling proposed that the bases stick out the sides of the molecule while Watson and Crick proposed the bases were paired in the middle. B) All of the choices describe how Pauling's model was different than Watson and Crick's model. C) Pauling proposed the support strands ran down the middle of the molecule while Watson and Crick proposed the support strands ran down the sides. D) Pauling proposed three support strands while Watson and Crick proposed two strands.

B) All of the choices describe how Pauling's model was different than Watson and Crick's model.

Which of the following statements concerning ribosomes are true? A) Ribosomes join amino acids to form a polypeptide. B) Several ribosomes are often attached to and translating the same mRNA. C) No protein synthesis within a cell would occur without ribosomes. D) Ribosomes have a binding site for mRNA and three binding sites for tRNA molecules. E) All of the above statements are true.

E) All of the above statements are true.

Which of the following amino acid chains would be produced from the mRNA sequence AUA-CUU-CCU-AGU-UGA? A) Isoleucine - leucine - stop - proline - serine B) Isoleucine - alanine - proline - serine - stop C) Isoleucine - leucine - proline - serine - stop D) Glycine - glutamate - lysine - lysine - stop

C) Isoleucine - leucine - proline - serine - stop.

If one strand of DNA has the base sequence AAG-CAA, the complementary strand has which of the following sequences? A) UUC-GUU B) TTC-GTT C) UTC-GTU D) TTC-GTG E) AAG-CAA

B) TTC-GTT.

DNA was shown to be the transforming substance when only the _____ enzymes could inhibit transformation. A) lipase B) DNAase C) proteinase D) RNAase

B) DNAase.

Transcription begins when A) initiation factors assemble ribosomal subunits, mRNA, and initiator tRNA. B) new nucleotidesare added to an existing strand of nucleotides. C) RNA polymerase binds to a region of DNA called the promoter. D) RNA polymerase comes to a stop sequence.

C) RNA polymerase binds to a region of DNA called the promoter.

Ribozymes are RNA molecules that function as enzymes, catalyzing reactions during RNA splicing. True or False?

TRUE.

DNA replication is considered semiconservative because A) it uses one old strand as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. B) it never replicates in the 5' to 3' prime direction. C) it always replicates in the 3' to 5' prime direction. D) it will create three new identical strands when finished.

A) it uses one old strand as a template for the synthesis of a new strand.

Which statement is NOT true about DNA replication? A) DNA can only replicate at one point on a chromosome at one time. B) DNA replication is considered semiconservative because there is always an old strand acting as a template for a new strand. C) It occurs more rapidly in bacteria than in eukaryotes. D) One strand of new DNA is replicated faster than the other strand at the replication fork. E) It proceeds in a 5'-to-3' direction only.

A) DNA can only replicate at one point on a chromosome at one time.

Which of the following would be transcribed into mRNA? A) a protein-coding gene B) a noncoding gene C) a ribozyme D) a promoter

A) a protein-coding gene.

One of Chargaff's rules states that A) A = T + G + C. B) A = C and T = G. C) A = T and G = C. D) A = G and T = C.

C) A = T and G = C.

Telomerase is an enzyme that unwinds DNA during DNA replication. True or False?

FALSE.

Transcription of a DNA molecule with a nucleotide sequence of AAA-CAA-CTT results in an mRNA molecule with the complementary sequence of A) GGG-AGA-ACC. B) CCC-ACC-TCC. C) UUU-CUU-CAA. D) UUU-GUU-GAA. E) TTT-GAA-GCC.

D) UUU-GUU-GAA.

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is NOT correct? A) Unwinding of the DNA molecule occurs as hydrogen bonds break. B) Complementary base pairs are held together with hydrogen bonds. C) The process is known as semiconservative replication because one old strand is conserved in the new molecule. D) The enzyme that catalyzes DNA replication is DNA polymerase. E) Replication occurs as each base is paired with another exactly like it.

E) Replication occurs as each base is paired with another exactly like it.

An experiment was performed that demonstrated that the addition of a protein- degrading enzyme did not prevent transformation. This finding A) rejects Hypothesis III only. B) supports Hypothesis II. C) rejects Hypothesis I only. D) does not support any of these hypotheses. E) supports Hypothesis I. F) supports Hypothesis III. G) rejects Hypothesis II only.

C) rejects Hypothesis I only.

An experiment was performed in which DNAase enzyme digestion prevented transformation. This finding A) supports Hypothesis II. B) supports Hypothesis I. C) rejects Hypothesis II only. D) does not support any of these hypotheses. E) supports Hypothesis III. F) rejects Hypothesis I only. G) rejects Hypothesis III only.

E) supports Hypothesis III.

In an experiment, neither heat-killed R strain nor heat-killed S strain killed the mice. This finding A) does not support or provide information to reject any of these hypotheses. B) rejects Hypothesis II only. C) supports Hypothesis I. D) rejects Hypothesis III only. E) supports Hypothesis II. F) rejects Hypothesis I only. G) supports Hypothesis III.

A) does not support or provide information to reject any of these hypotheses.

An experiment was performed that demonstrated that RNAase failed to prevent transformation of the R strain to S strain. This finding A) rejects Hypothesis II only. B) supports Hypothesis II. C) rejects Hypothesis III only. D) does not support or provide information to reject any of these hypotheses. E) supports Hypothesis I. F) rejects Hypothesis I only. G) supports Hypothesis III.

A) rejects Hypothesis II only.

An experiment was performed that demonstrated that DNA extracted from the S strain bacteria transformed R strain bacteria. This finding A) supports Hypothesis III. B) rejects Hypothesis III only. C) supports Hypothesis I. D) does not support any of these hypotheses. E) supports Hypothesis II. F) rejects Hypothesis II only. G) rejects Hypothesis I only.

A) supports Hypothesis III.

Which section of the pre-mRNA contains the protein-coding regions? A) exons B) introns C) The pre-mRNA doesnot code for proteins at all. D) The entire pre-mRNA contains protein-coding regions.

A) exons.

The first codon to be deciphered was _____, which codes for _____. A) TTT; arginine B) UUU; phenylalanine C) AAA; proline D) CCC; glycine E) GGG; alanine

B) UUU; phenylalanine.

Approximately how many base pairs are still improperly matched in the bacterial genome after the DNA polymerase proofreads the DNA strand? A) 1 in 100,000 B) 1 in a billion C) 1 in 10,000 D) 1 in 1,000,000 E) 1 in 100,000,000

E) 1 in 100,000,000.