Year 13 Aldehydes and Ketones

we say that a molecule is reduced if a carbon forms a bond with a ……… electronegative element. Typically, that less electronegative element is ……..

Less

Reduction reaction require reducing agents. Typically, chemists use ………., because it acts as a source of H− ions. We call these ………..

sodium borohydride

When writing an equation for a reduction reaction, we typically represent the two additional hydrogen atoms as ………

2⁢[H]

If an unsymmetrical ketone is reduced, the secondary alcohol that is produced will be one of a pair of ………….

optical isomers

And, there is an equal probability that the hydrogen will bond with either side of the carbonyl group. So, the product will contain equal amounts of each enantiomer. In other words, it will be a ………….

racemic mixture.

Cyanide forms ionic salts like …….. and ………… It also bonds ……..with hydrogen, to form hydrogen cyanide (HCN).

sodium cyanide (NaCN)

Aldehydes and ketones react with cyanide ions to form ………..

hydroxynitriles

A reaction between Aldehydes or keytones and cyanide ions is called………

Nucleophilic Addition

For Nucleophilic Addition, chemists use potassium cyanide and …………. as reagents.

dilute sulfuric acid

the hydrogen ion in Nucleophilic Addition comes from the ……….

dilute sulfuric acid.

There is an equal likelihood that the cyanide will bond to each side of the carbonyl group if it is an unsymmetrical molecule. So, overall, the reaction would produce a ………….

racemic mixture.