Respiratory and digestive system and soon to be ANS too ughhhhhhhhhhhh

Primary functions of the respiratory system

Gas exchange, moving air, making sound, protecting surfaces, regulating fluid pH.

Upper respiratory tract organs

Paranasal sinuses, nasal conchae, nose, nasal cavity, and nasopharynx.

Lower respiratory tract organs

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and bronchioles.

Respiratory epithelial tissue

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue with cilia.

Function of cilia in respiratory epithelium

Moving mucus up to the pharynx so debris can be swallowed or coughed up.

Larynx function and structures

Known as the voicebox; contains the epiglottis and glottis.

Function of the epiglottis

To protect the trachea during swallowing.

Trachea structure

Windpipe containing C-shaped cartilages that leads to primary bronchi.

Ventilation definition

The movement of air out of and into the lungs.

Location of gas exchange in the lungs

Alveoli.

Parasympathetic activation of airway smooth muscle

Constricts airways by making smooth muscle contract.

Sympathetic activation of airway smooth muscle

Dilates airways by making smooth muscle relax.

When do alveolar elastic fibers stretch most?

During inspiration (breathing in).

When do alveolar elastic fibers recoil?

During expiration (breathing out).

Alveolar epithelium tissue type

Simple squamous epithelium.

Type I alveolar cells function

Create the wall of alveoli.

Type II alveolar cells function

Produce surfactant.

Surfactant function

To stop alveoli from collapsing and having too much surface tension.

Structures making up the respiratory membrane

Alveolar cell layer, capillary endothelium, and fused basement membrane.

Visceral pleural membrane covers

Outer surface of lungs.

Parietal pleural membrane lines

Inner surface of thoracic wall and superior surface of the diaphragm.

Primary inspiratory muscles

Diaphragm and external intercostals.

Diaphragm movement during inspiration

Contracts and moves down.

Diaphragm movement during expiration

Relaxes and moves up.

Eupnea vs. hyperpnea

Eupnea is normal breathing; hyperpnea is forced breathing requiring accessory muscles.

Digestive tract organs

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Accessory digestive organs

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Four layers of the digestive tract wall

Mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, and serosa.

Stomach muscular layer addition

Stomach has three layers, including an additional oblique layer.

Mesenteries function

Connect the visceral and parietal peritoneum.

Functions of the oral cavity

Mechanical processing, moistening, and mixing with salivary secretions.

Three pairs of major salivary glands

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.

Teeth counts

20 deciduous teeth and 32 permanent teeth.

Pharynx divisions involved in the digestive system

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

Primary function of the pharynx

Propels materials into the esophagus.

Esophagus definition

Muscular tube that connects the oral cavity to the stomach.

Four regions of the stomach

Cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric part.

Parietal cells make

HCl and general acid secretion.

Chief cells make

Pepsinogen to help break down proteins.

G cells make

Gastrin.

Three regions of the small intestine

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Villi capillaries

Blood capillaries and lacteals (lymphatic capillaries) for nutrient absorption.

Brush border function

Increasing surface area to promote absorption.

Peyer's patches

Lymphatic nodules found along the small intestine.

Large intestine primary regions

Cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), and rectum.

Primary functions of the large intestine

Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials.

External anal sphincter muscle type

Voluntary (skeletal) muscle.

Internal anal sphincter muscle type

Involuntary (smooth) muscle.

Three liver functions

Metabolic regulation, hematological regulation, and bile production.

Hepatic artery proper blood source

Delivers oxygenated blood from the aorta.

Hepatic portal vein blood source

Delivers blood with nutrients from the small intestine.

Portal triad components

Branch of portal vein, interlobular artery, and interlobular bile duct.

Bile destinations

Gallbladder for storage or small intestine to break down fat.

Hormone stimulating gallbladder bile ejection

CCK (cholecystokinin).

Duct leaving the gallbladder

Cystic duct.

Pancreas endocrine parts and hormones

Islets; produce insulin (lowers blood glucose) and glucagon (elevates blood glucose).

What are functions of the digestive system

Absorption (move nutrients from small intestine to bloodstream), excretion (removal of waste products) compaction (dehydration of organic waste), and defecation (elimination of feces from the body)

Where is serosa found?

Only in the peritoneal cavity. Outside of the peritoneal cavity it is called the adventitia

Describe mucosa

Has mucosae membrane, epithelium is either stratified or simple, has lamina propria with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and more, and the muscularis mucosae which is at the border of the mucosa and can fold the epithelium

Describe submucosa

Areolar connective tissue and large blood vessels. Submucosal neural plexuses innervate the mucosa

What coordinates the movements of muscular layer in digestive system?

Myenteric neural plexus between circular (inner) and longitudinal (outer) layers or by pacesetter cells

Where are taste buds?

Dorsum of the tongue

What are tonsils superior to inferior

Palatine tonsil at top of pharynx and lingual tonsil at back of tongue

What is region below uvula?

Fauces

Describe anatomy of tooth

Top is crown, where hits gum is neck, below gum is root. Enamel is outer white part, dentine is below enamel, then pulp cavity. Gingiva is gums, cement is between root of tooth and gummy part, and periodontal ligament is also right outside cement to hold tooth to jawbone. Root also has root canal.

What is frenulum

You have frenulum on upper and lower lip. Is the little line in gums between central teeth

What does saliva consist of

Water, ions, buffers, and salivary amylase

What is swallowing process also called?

Deglutition. Pharynx helps with this

What are three phases of deglutition

Buccal phase, pharyngeal phase, and esophageal phase

What is peristalsis

Contracts along digestive tract that moves bolus. Mainly longitudinal muscle

What is segmentation

Chum and fragment digestive materials for mixing in the small intestine. Mainly circular muscle

Describe Peritoneum

Serous membrane with visceral (inner) peritoneum and parietal peritoneum. Mesenteries connect visceral and parietal peritoneal membranes

What is role of mesenteries

Help stabilize position of digestive organs and allows dynamic movement

Describe mesenteries of the stomach

Called omenta