origins of the chinese civil war

When was the CCP founded?

July 1st 1921

What was a major weakness of GMD rule?

Its control over China remained incomplete, with warlords retaining influence in some areas and the CCP continuing to challenge it.

How did warlordism contribute to nationalism?

The weakness and fragmentation of China encouraged nationalists to seek a stronger, unified China.

What is warlordism?

The division of China among powerful regional military leaders who exercised considerable political and military autonomy.

Why were the Twenty-One Demands significant?

They increased Chinese resentment towards Japan and foreign interference, strengthening Chinese nationalism.

What was the name of the KMT leader that was assassinated?

Song Jiaoren

The killings of communists that followed Shanghai was called…

The White Terror, and this catalysed the civil war

What was this massacre called?

The Shanghai Massacre

How many communists were killed in this massacre?

Five to ten thousand

What happened when Chiang’s army arrived in Shanghai?

They rounded up all of the communists that had helped them defeat warlords and killed them all.

Who participated in the Northern Campaign also?

The CCP, and this gained them popularity.

The campaign succeeded and by 1927 they’d conquered…

Half a million square miles and 170 million people.

When did Chiang begin this campaign?

July 9th 1926

What did Chiang begin?

A Northern Campaign against the warlords

What were Chang Kaishek’s views on communism?

He was strongly opposed to it as he saw it as a threat to tradition

Who replaced Sun Yatsen as the leader of the KMT?

Chiang Kaishek

However, who eventually died?

Sun Yatsen

There was a new military Academy to train the officers for the KMT army. What was it called?

Hangpu

What did Sun Yatsen do to counter the problem of the warlords?

Attempted to cooperate with the CCP in order to present a united front.

The KMT, led by Sun Yatsen, turn to the USSR for help. Which allows them to…

Reorganise the KMT on Russian soil.

What did Sun Yatsen create at this time and what were they?

The Three Principles: National freedom; Democratic government; Peoples livlihood

The New Tide movement wanted to…

Implement the foreign idea of communism.

The New Tide movement is also known as…

Xinchao

What did the May Fourth Movement help do?

Strengthen the idea of the New Tide

What were the protests called?

The May Fourth Movement

What followed the news of the Paris negotiations in China?

Protests and demonstrations where many young people joined revolutionary groups.

Why were the Chinese angered with the Paris negotiations in 1919?

China had fought with the Allies in World War One and wanted territory for compensation but wasn’t given it.

What is the definition of subsistence?

Having only the bare minimum of food, money, or resources needed to stay alive.

What were some peasants required to do in order to live within a warlord’s territory?

Pay thirty years of taxes in advance for their safety and protection.

What were the warlords like?

Were only interested in money and wealth; Extremely violent to those that opposed them.

What is this collapse of central government often referred to as?

The Era of the Warlords

What happened after the death of Yuan Shikai?

The collapse of central government.

When did Yuan die?

June 6th 1916

Why did the Twenty-One Demands being accept anger the Chinese people?

It demanded control of lots of China’s factories, railways, and ports.

What did the Japanese present Yuan with?

The Twenty-One Demands

How did Yuan lose his popularity with the people?

The Japanese

On what date did Yuan then declare himself Emperor?

December 12th 1915

By the end of 1914, how many provinces did Yuan have under his control?

12/18

Yuan was then able to have…

Full power

However, Sun Yatsen attempted…

A revolt against Yuan but failed and fled

How did Yuan get rid of the problem of the KMT?

By assassinating members of the KMT.

However, what did Yuan not want?

To share his power with the KMT after they’d won the majority of seats in the election.

What is the real name of the KMT?

The People’s National Party

Who was the mastermind behind the KMT?

Sun Yatsen

What was the name of the political party that won a majority of seats in parliament?

Kuomintang (KMT)

Who was the president of this republic?

Yuan Shikai