MWH2 Unit 1 Definitions PT 1

Rousseau

political theorist, promoted middle class values (hard work, practicality, domesticity for women)

Locke

English philosopher who offered principles for constructing constitutional government (contract between rulers and rules created by human ingenuity)

Voltaire

philosopher, deist, valued honesty and living simple life

Kant

German philosopher

Wollstonecraft

prominent female writer, wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women (called out men and explained that women should not be unequal) (used printing press to print copies)

Olympe de Gouges

composed Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female CItizen, proposed right to divorce, hold property in marriage, be educated, and have public careers

Montesquieu

French jurist, created checks and balances (the separation of powers)

Progress

Enlightenment idea that uses natural laws to improve society

popular sovereignty

idea that power comes from the people

Nation-state

multiple states combining into one nation of a common language, culture, etc.

Nationalism

idea that people with a common identity are united into a nation

free trade

(laissez-faire) ability to trade without tariffs or fees

the printing press

a machine that printed books at a fast rate and spread knowledge quicker

Thomas Paine

wrote a booklet called Common Sense (1776) that explained why it was “common sense” for people to govern themselves, part was used in Declaration of Independence

Continental Congress

representatives from the thirteen colonies who wrote the Declaration of Independence

Abigail Adams

wife of John Adams, used pronoun “ours” instead of “yours” when referring to family farm in letters to John, demonstrated how revolutionary enthusiasm for liberty/equality reached women’s minds

Constitutional Convention

men with property who created a document for a republican government

Shays’ Rebellion

farmers rebelling in 1786 because of unfair taxing led by Daniel Shays after finding out their properties were being taken away for not paying taxes, denounced illegitimate taxing by state government

Gabriel Prosser

enslaved Virginian who created an army of freedom fighters to take state capital at Richmond and won but ended up dying in the gallows (in the US)

Estates General

medieval advisory that came together in an attempt to help Louis XVI with France’s financial problems (First: clergy; Second: aristocracy; Third: everyone else)

Abbé Sieyés

wrote What Is The Third Estate? (explained why common people deserved more rights)

National Assembly

delegates of the Third Estate that helped compose Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Storming of the Bastille

angry people of France (lower class) storms Bastille (French armory) on July 14th in 1789

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

written by the French National Assembly, abolished previous privileges of nobility and clergy after Bastille Day

Reign of Terror

launched by the Jacobins to remove “oppositions” within France

Jacobins

radicals who wanted to wanted to extend the Rev beyond France by drafting an army of 800,000 and launching Reign of Terror

Maximilien Robespierre

lawyer who led the Jacobins and an army of 800,000 people to the Reign of Terror

Guillotine

the device used to chop people's heads off in France

Sans-culottes

meaning “without pants”, people who wore trousers instead of breeches to distinct themselves from the rich

Committee of Public Safety (CPS)

group formed by Robespierre and National Convention during the Reign of Terror, made lots changes/new policies (calendar, metric system, fashion, names)

Napoleon Bonaparte

emperor of France after the French Rev, allowed ability to practice religion freely, created Napoleonic Code, attempted to expand empire and committed lots of warfare but failed and fled when his people got angry at him

Napoleonic Code

legal civic code that applied to all of France and French colonies, imitated by European and American nation-states

Napoleonic Wars

wars led by Napoleon against parts of Europe (Russia, Britain, Prussia, and Austria), states met up to agree to respect each other’s borders and cooperate in preventing future revolutions and war

Haitian Revolution

enslaved Africans doing labor (sugar) in American colonies fight for freedom from the French and take control over island, inspired by French Revolution

Toussaint L’Overture

previously enslaved general who led the Haitian Revolution, died in French prison from malnutrition + pneumonia

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

declared the island Haiti independent

Saint-Domingue

Haiti before claiming independence from France

sugar plantation economy

economy of Haiti prior to the revolution relying on mass production of sugar using slave labor

debt owed

French bargain Haiti for money or war, Haiti chooses money but the cost was more than Haiti could afford and they still face extreme financial hardship today

Creoles

Spaniards born in Americas

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain

Castas

Spanish caste system, Creoles + Peninsulares on top, everyone else on bottom

Hidalgo and Morelos

rural priests who brought lower class (in castas) together and led the rebellion against Spanish in Mexico; wanted to end abuses by elite, denounce bad gov, call for redistribution of wealth, return land to Indigenous, and respect Virgin of Guadalupe

Bolívar and Martín

2 men who wanted Napoleonic France to be a model state built on military heroism and constitutional proclamations; waged extended wars of independence against Spanish armies; wanted to unify all of South America but failed

“Gran Colombia”

state in South America, Bolívar wanted Peru and Bolivia to join but they refused

“legitimate” trade

idea of new trade developed by Europeans, Europeans export manufactured goods to Africa in return for raw materials, aimed to raise African’s standards by substituting trade of produce instead the trade of slaves

vegetable oils (palm and peanut)

raw materials exported from Africa to Europeans, less devastating environmental impact