Accouting Information System - Final Exam

Which description below reflects the “Faithful Representation” characteristic of useful financial information?

The information needs to be unbiased and accurate

Which descriptions below about the value chain of consulting firm (i.e., professional services provider) is correct?

Option B

The firm’s value chain does not include operation activities, as it does not produce physical goods

Assume that a manufacturing firm has 10 units of “Item_#02” physically sitting on their shelves and have ordered 5 more units of the item from its supplier (not delivered yet); however, the firm has already promised to sell 3 units of the item to one of its key customers (not despatched yet). Based on the information, what is the current level of Quantity on Hand of the item?

10 units

Assume that in the inventory management system of a manufacturing firm, the Quantity on Hand (QOH), Reorder Point, and Reorder Quantity of “Item_#01” are currently 8, 14, and 4 (in units), respectively. Would you recommend the firm to purchase replenish “Item_#01” and, if yes, what is the minimum amount to purchase?

Yes. The minimum amount to purchase is 8 units

A manager uses last quarter's sales report to decide whether an earlier decision to expand into a new region was correct. Which aspect of Relevance does this illustrate?

Confirmatory value

Materiality

Neutrality

Predictive value

Confirmatory value

A company presents its expenses in the same format every year so users can easily spot similarities and differences. Which enhancing characteristic is this?

Timeliness

Comparability (consistency)

Verifiability

Understandability

Comparability (consistency)

Two independent and knowledgeable accountants analyse the same records and reach the same figures. Which characteristic of useful information does this show?

Relevance

Availability

Verifiability

Timeliness

Verifiability

Which statement best describes the trade-off between timeliness and understandability for information used in a weekly sales meeting versus an annual report?

The weekly meeting favours information that is quick to produce, while the annual report favours carefully presented information

The weekly meeting needs polished, fully audited information, so it should be delayed

Annual reports should favour speed over clear presentation

Both documents should be prepared in exactly the same way

The weekly meeting favours information that is quick to produce, while the annual report favours carefully presented information

The values "2/22/14", "ABC Company" and "123, 99, 3, 20, 60" appear on a screen with no labels. After they are organised into a sales invoice, they become:

Information, because they are organised in a meaningful context

Data, because they remain facts

Input, because they have not been processed

Feedback, because they can be reviewed

Information, because they are organised in a meaningful context

Which of the following is NOT one of the six components of an AIS?

Competitors in the industry

People who use the system

Internal controls and security measures

Software used to process the data

Competitors in the industry

A report costs $1,800 to produce and improves a decision in a way worth $5,000. What is the value of the information?

$6,800

$1,800

$5,000

$3,200

$3,200

A manager receives 40 detailed reports each week and finds it harder to make good decisions. This best illustrates:

Information overload

Weak confirmatory value

Goal conflict

Poor verifiability

Information overload

Which of the following is a PRIMARY activity in the value chain?

Service (post-sale repairs and maintenance)

Firm infrastructure

Purchasing

Technology

Service (post-sale repairs and maintenance)

Question 10 of 18

Ordering, receiving and temporarily storing merchandise that will be sold to customers is which value chain activity?

Operations

Purchasing

Inbound logistics

Outbound logistics

Inbound logistics

Recruiting, hiring, training and compensating employees falls under which value chain category?

A primary activity (service)

A support activity (firm infrastructure)

A primary activity (operations)

A support activity (human resource management)

A support activity (human resource management)

The sales department offers heavy discounts to hit its sales target, but this reduces the company's overall profit. This is an example of:

Goal congruence

Information overload

Supply chain integration

Goal conflict

Goal conflict

Which is a benefit of XBRL?

It converts financial data into paper-based reports

It guarantees that reported numbers are accurate

It tags data with standard definitions so computers can import and process it automatically

It removes the need for internal controls

It tags data with standard definitions so computers can import and process it automatically

In the give-get framework, which cycle involves giving cash and getting labour?

Production cycle

Financing cycle

Expenditure cycle

Payroll (HR) cycle

Payroll (HR) cycle

A firm has 40 units of an item on its shelves, has ordered 12 more units from its supplier (not yet received), and has promised 15 units to customers (not yet delivered). What is the Quantity Available?

43 units

67 units

37 units

52 units

37 units

A customer has a credit limit of $10,000 and an outstanding balance of $6,500. The customer places a new order worth $4,200. What is the customer's available limit, and can the order be approved on credit as is?

$6,500; yes, the order is approved

$10,000; yes, the order is approved

$3,500; no, the order exceeds the available limit

$3,500; yes, the order is approved

$3,500; no, the order exceeds the available limit

In a credit sale, which effect on the accounts occurs when the customer is invoiced?

Inventory on hand decreases

Cash increases

Accounts receivable increases

Accounts receivable decreases

Accounts receivable increases

Which sequence correctly describes a purchase on credit?

Place order, receive goods, receive invoice, make payment

Receive invoice, place order, receive goods, make payment

Place order, make payment, receive goods, receive invoice

Place order, receive invoice, make payment, receive goods

Place order, receive goods, receive invoice, make payment

Which of the following descriptions about cryptic data values is correct?

1. Option A

   A null or missing value in cryptic datasets is usually substituted using the mean of the existing values

2. Option B

   Cryptic data values have meanings independent of contexts and coding scheme

3. Option C

   Cryptic data values usually have only dichotomous variable, typically 0 or 1, to show Yes/No or True/False

4. Option D

   One would not be able to interpret the meanings of cryptic data values without a coding scheme

Option D

One would not be able to interpret the meanings of cryptic data values without a coding scheme

Which technique involves separating data from a single field into multiple fields?

1. Option A

   Data structuring

2. Option B

   Data aggregation

3. Option C

   Data de-duplication

4. Option D

   Data parsing

Option D

Data parsing

Which attribute of high-quality data ensures that data measures what it is intended to measure?

1. Option A

   Objective

2. Option B

   Consistent

3. Option C

   Comparable

4. Option D

   Valid

Option D

Valid

What does “pivoting data” refer to in data transformation?

1. Option A

   Rotating data from rows to columns

2. Option B

   Standardizing the format of data

3. Option C

   Aggregating data at different levels

4. Option D

   Replacing missing data

Option A

Rotating data from rows to columns

Which of the following options is NOT an attribute of high-quality data?

1. Option A

   Timely

2. Option B

   Complete

3. Option C

   Accurate

4. Option D

   Flexible

Flexible

Which option lists the four steps of transforming data in the correct order?

Standardising, structuring, validating, cleaning

Validating, structuring, cleaning, standardising

Structuring, standardising, cleaning, validating

Cleaning, structuring, standardising, validating

Structuring, standardising, cleaning, validating

According to EY, which ability within an analytics mindset is the focus of this week's topic on transforming data?

Apply appropriate data analytic techniques

Ask the right questions

Interpret and share results with stakeholders

Extract, transform and load relevant data

Extract, transform and load relevant data

A sale occurred on 27 December but was recorded as occurring on 4 January of the following year. Which attribute of high-quality data is violated?

Accurate

Complete

Consistent

Timely

Accurate

An annual evaluation of vendor performance contains only seven months of data. Which attribute of high-quality data is violated?

Complete

Accurate

Timely

Valid

Complete

A company irregularly switches the denomination of its reported amounts between thousands and millions. Which attribute of high-quality data is violated?

Accurate

Timely

Consistent

Complete

Consistent

A marketing team is using customer purchasing metrics that are two years old to plan a campaign. Which attribute of high-quality data is violated?

Consistent

Timely

Complete

Valid

Timely

A company sums every individual sale by sales manager to evaluate manager performance. What is the main consequence of this aggregation?

Duplicate records are removed

Missing values are replaced with the mean

The details of each individual sale are lost

The data is converted from long to wide format

The details of each individual sale are lost

An analyst combines the People (HR), Orders (Sales) and Returns (Customer Care) sheets, using VLOOKUP, to find which region has the highest return rate. Which data structuring technique is this?

Pivoting

Parsing

Joining

Aggregating

Joining

Which statement about the two pivoted table formats in the lecture is correct?

The long format loses information compared with the wide format

Both formats are equally good for analysis and reporting

Vendors in rows with product categories in columns is better for analysis than reporting

The long format (vendor, attribute, value) is better for analysis but less concise for reporting

The long format (vendor, attribute, value) is better for analysis but less concise for reporting

Why is a raw JSON file difficult to analyse directly in Excel?

It cannot contain location data

It contains only numeric data

It is stored in a fully aggregated format

It is nested and multi-level, stored in a textual format rather than rows and columns

It is nested and multi-level, stored in a textual format rather than rows and columns

ProductID values repeat across product categories, so a new column combining ProductCategory and ProductID (e.g. "1-3") is created. What is the main purpose?

To replace missing values

To create a unique identifier for each product

To separate one field into several fields

To remove duplicate rows

To create a unique identifier for each product

A machine status field contains only 1 (healthy) or 0 (down). What is this type of field called?

Dummy (dichotomous) variable

Imputed value

Concatenated field

Misfielded data value

Dummy (dichotomous) variable

In an extract, the City column contains state abbreviations (e.g. MI, NC) and the State column contains city names (e.g. Owosso, Concord). This is an example of:

A contradiction error

Data imputation

Misfielded data values

A threshold violation

Misfielded data values

A date column contains "April 3, 1982", "3 April 1982" and "03/04/82". Which standardisation issue does this show?

Aggregation

Concatenation

Cryptic data values

Data consistency

Data consistency

Rows 10 and 11 of a vendor extract contain identical information (DeShawn Williams, same phone and address). Which data cleaning step addresses this?

Data concatenation

Data pivoting

Data de-duplication

Data imputation

Data de-duplication

S&S plans to analyse only kitchen appliances and fans (categories 1 and 2), so it removes all rows for hand tools (category 3). This is:

Data filtering

Data de-duplication

Data parsing

Data aggregation

Data filtering

You find null values in the EarlyPayDiscount field. What should you do first?

Go back to the original source and verify the information was not lost during extraction

Replace them all with the mean

Ignore them and proceed to validation

Delete every row with a null value

Go back to the original source and verify the information was not lost during extraction

Sales for four employees are Alex $1,200, Brooke (missing), Casey $1,500 and Drew $1,300. Using mean imputation, what value replaces Brooke's missing sales?

$1,500

$1,000

$1,167

$1,333

$1,333

Not quite. The correct answer is $1,333.Mean of the existing values = (1,200 + 1,500 + 1,300) / 3 = 4,000 / 3 ≈ 1,333. Imputation replaces a missing value with a substituted value and only works with numeric data.

Milton Armstrong's phone number on line 16 differs from his phone number on lines 2, 5 and 14. This is a:

Threshold violation

Data contradiction error

Violated attribute dependency

Data entry error

Data contradiction error

A PhoneNumber field always has 10 numeric characters, except one record with 13 because of an extra "(208)". This is a:

Misfielded data value

Contradiction error

Data threshold violation

Duplicate record

Data threshold violation

A record lists Concord, North Carolina with zip code 94519, which belongs to Concord, California. This is a:

Violated attribute dependency

Contradiction error

Data entry error

Threshold violation

Violated attribute dependency

"San Diego" is typed as "SanDgieo" in several rows. This is an example of:

A data entry error

A threshold violation

Data imputation

Data aggregation

A data entry error

After transforming a general ledger extract, an accountant confirms that total debits equal total credits. Which data validation technique is this?

Basic statistical tests

Audit a sample

Advanced testing techniques

Visual inspection

Advanced testing techniques

A team reviews a portion of the transformed records in detail to make sure a certain percentage is correct. Which data validation technique is this?

Basic statistical tests

Audit a sample

Visual inspection

Advanced testing techniques

Audit a sample

An analyst compares the counts, mean and standard deviation of a field before and after transformation to check for problems. Which data validation technique is this?

Advanced testing techniques

Visual inspection

Basic statistical tests

Audit a sample

Basic statistical tests

Which statement best describes a digital footprint?

A temporary record that is deleted when you close the browser

Only the content you deliberately post publicly

The password history stored on your device

The trail of data left by your online activities, forming a permanent and evolving record

The trail of data left by your online activities, forming a permanent and evolving record

Which statement best reflects the lecture's view of Google's collection of user data?

It is ethical as long as users choose private browsing mode

It is illegal because companies may never collect personal data

It is both legal and ethical because users give consent

It can be legal if disclosed in the policy, but not necessarily ethical because users may not fully understand what they consent to

It can be legal if disclosed in the policy, but not necessarily ethical because users may not fully understand what they consent to

According to the lecture, which is the MOST important control for protecting confidentiality and privacy?

Encryption

Training employees to handle information properly

Data loss prevention software

Digital watermarks

Training employees to handle information properly

Which statement about encryption is correct?

It converts plaintext into unreadable ciphertext, and decryption reverses the process

It permanently deletes sensitive data

It is a detective control that identifies data leaks

It converts ciphertext into plaintext so it can be shared widely

It converts plaintext into unreadable ciphertext, and decryption reverses the process

Which statement about the factors that influence encryption strength is correct?

Shorter keys are stronger because they are harder to guess

Key storage does not matter if the algorithm is strong

Longer keys are stronger, and keys must be stored securely with strong access controls

Only the algorithm affects strength

Longer keys are stronger, and keys must be stored securely with strong access controls

A company wants all of its trading partners to encrypt orders with a key it publishes, so that only the company can read them. Which type of encryption is this?

Symmetric encryption

Asymmetric encryption

A parity bit

A checksum

Asymmetric encryption

Which statement about symmetric encryption is correct?

A public key encrypts and a private key decrypts

One key can safely be shared with all trading partners

It does not require any key

The same key encrypts and decrypts, so both parties must share it securely

The same key encrypts and decrypts, so both parties must share it securely

In asymmetric encryption, which key is used to decrypt a message that was encrypted with the receiver's public key?

The receiver's private key

The receiver's public key

A shared key given to every trading partner

The sender's public key

The receiver's private key

Encrypting information before sending it over the internet to securely transmit it between sender and receiver creates a:

A hot site

A digital watermark

A differential backup

A Virtual Private Network (VPN)

A Virtual Private Network (VPN)

A company wants to control not only who can open a sensitive document, but also whether they can copy, print or download it. Which tool provides this?

A parity bit

Information Rights Management (IRM)

Cross-footing

Data Loss Prevention (DLP)

Information Rights Management (IRM)

An email containing key phrases linked to the company's intellectual property is automatically blocked before it leaves the network. Which control is this?

Data Loss Prevention (DLP)

Cross-footing

A parity bit

Information Rights Management (IRM)

Data Loss Prevention (DLP)

A user types letters into a field that should contain only numbers, and the system rejects the entry. Which input control is this?

Completeness check

Size check

Sign check

Field check

Field check

A system rejects a sales order where the quantity ordered is entered as −50. Which input control is this?

Completeness check

Size check

Field check

Sign check

Sign check

The payroll system rejects an hourly wage that is lower than the legal minimum wage. Which input control is this?

Limit check

Completeness check

Validity check

Reasonableness test

Limit check The correct answer is Limit check.A limit check tests a numerical amount against a fixed value, for example an hourly wage that must be at least the minimum wage.

A gradebook accepts a mark only if it is between 0 and 100. Which input control is this?

Field check

Range check

Sign check

Limit check

Range check

The system flags 15 hours of overtime for an employee who has worked only 20 regular hours that week. Which input control is this?

Validity check

Check digit verification

Reasonableness test

Size check

Reasonableness test

A product number entered on a sales order is compared with the inventory master file, and the order is rejected because no such product exists. Which input control is this?

Sign check

Validity check

Completeness check

Limit check

Validity check

A new customer record cannot be saved until the name, address and phone number fields are all filled in. Which input control is this?

Field check

Range check

Reasonableness test

Completeness check

Completeness check

An employee ID field holds 8 digits, and the system rejects an entry of 9 digits. Which input control is this?

Check digit verification

Sign check

Size check

Validity check

Size check

The system requires a purchase order and a receiving report to match before a vendor payment is released. Which processing control is this?

Zero-balance test

Data matching

Cross-footing

Write-protection

Data matching

A report's grand total is calculated by adding the row totals and also by adding the column totals, and the two results are compared. Which processing control is this?

Zero-balance test

Cross-footing

Recalculation of batch totals

Concurrent update control

Cross-footing

After allocating all labour costs to expenses, the payroll clearing account is checked to confirm that its balance is zero. Which processing control is this?

Parity bit

Cross-footing

Zero-balance test

Validity check

Zero-balance test

The number of employees in the payroll file is compared with the number in the HR database to detect fictitious employees. Which output control is this?

External data reconciliation

Size check

Checksum

Write-protection

External data reconciliation

he sending device and the receiving device each calculate a hash of a file to verify that it arrived accurately. Which data transmission control is this?

Cross-footing

Data maskingI

Reasonableness test

Checksum

Checksum

A company stores its data on a RAID setup so that if one drive fails, the system keeps working. Which availability concept does this illustrate?

Differential backup

Fault tolerance

Recovery point objective

Cold site

Fault tolerance

Management states that, after a disaster, the company can afford to lose at most one hour of transactions. Which metric is this?

Recovery point objective (RPO)

Recovery time objective (RTO)

Fault tolerance

Business continuity plan (BCP)

Recovery point objective (RPO)

Management states that the order system must be restored within four hours of a disaster. Which metric is this?

Recovery time objective (RTO)

Differential backup

Recovery point objective (RPO)

Real-time mirroring

Recovery time objective (RTO)

Which backup strategy copies only items changed since the last backup of any type and uses the least storage space?

Real-time mirroring

Differential backup

Full backup

Incremental backup

Incremental backup

A company takes a full backup on Sunday and differential backups on other days. What does Wednesday's differential backup copy?

All changes made since Sunday's full backup

Only Wednesday's changes since the last backup of any type

A complete copy of the entire database

Only Tuesday's changes

All changes made since Sunday's full backup

Which disaster recovery option is a completely operational facility with all of the necessary hardware and software?

Business continuity plan

Hot site

Cold site

Parity bit

Hot site

What does the lecture recommend about a Business Continuity Plan (BCP)?

Keep it secret from most employees

Test it only after a real disaster

Regularly test and monitor it to find unanticipated risks and overlooked details

Write it once and avoid changing it

Regularly test and monitor it to find unanticipated risks and overlooked details

Which of the following descriptions about Robotic Process Automation (RPA) technology is correct?

1. Option A

   RPA technology is suitable for performing mechanical and repetitive tasks, yet not suitable for performing tasks that require significant human expertise

   
   

2. Option B

   The human intelligence of RPA technology stems from its underlying pre-programmed rule-based logic (e.g., conditional statement)

3. Option C

   The human intelligence possessed and displayed by RPA technology makes it suitable for performing tasks that typically require human intelligence

4. Option D

   RPA technology is suitable for processing tasks in large volume and with unstructured/unstandardized inputs

Option A

Correct: RPA technology is suitable for performing mechanical and repetitive tasks, yet not suitable for performing tasks that require significant human expertise

Which of the following descriptions about the “Software as a Service” (SaaS) type of cloud computing service is correct?

1. Option A

   SaaS provides customers with fully self-service computers, networking components, storage, servers and operating systems, sufficient to enable the customers to deploy their own software

2. Option B

   Amazon Web Services is a typical provider of SaaS

3. Option C

   SaaS provides software applications that a business can rent and use on demand from cloud computing providers

   
   

4. Option D

   SaaS provides customers with a platform for software development

Correct: SaaS provides software applications that a business can rent and use on demand from cloud computing providers

Which of the following descriptions about emerging and disruptive technologies is correct?

Option A

Blockchain is characterized by decentralized and distributed ledgers

Option B

The implementation and maintenance of blockchain entail simple and basic infrastructure, which are unlikely to incur a high cost

Option C

Despite its low cost of implementation, blockchain displays risks associated with data transparency, data integrity, data retention, data security, and data validity compared to traditional accounting methods

Option D

Blockchain is characterized by a centralized ledger structure that facilitates all participants implicated in a transaction to access the central ledger

Option A

Correct: Blockchain is characterized by decentralized and distributed ledgers

Correct answer

Which of the following descriptions about emerging and disruptive technologies is correct?

Option A

Disruptive technology refers to a technology that is becoming obsolete

Option B

Every technology starts as emerging, then moves to disruptive, and finally becomes widely used

Option C

Emerging technology refers to the new technology that enters the market but is not yet regularly used by companies

Option D

Emerging technology refers to the new technology that has been adopted by the majority of the companies in an industry

Option C

Correct: Emerging technology refers to the new technology that enters the market but is not yet regularly used by companies

Which of the following facts of big data is irrelevant to its velocity characteristic?

1. Option A

   Accounting data nowadays is usually generated and arrives as continuous streams rather than periodic batches

2. Option B

   Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems continuously update accounting records for organizations

3. Option C

   The global financial market produces data in milliseconds, which needs to be analysed in a real-time manner to extract useful and actionable insights

4. Option D

   Walmart stores years of historical sales records containing billions of transactions for forecasting and business analysis

Option D

Walmart stores years of historical sales records containing billions of transactions for forecasting and business analysis

Which of the following statements is most appropriate regarding the communication and sharing of data analysis results?

1. Option A

   Data analysts should minimize the use of visualization tools when communicating data analysis results to stakeholders

2. Option B

   Data analysis results should be communicated using clear and plain language to ensure understandability of the communication

3. Option C

   Demonstrating the sophistication of analysis methods is more important than addressing the objectives of stakeholders or audience preferences

4. Option D

   Ethical consideration is usually a concern when collecting data, but not when communicating data analysis results

Option B

Data analysis results should be communicated using clear and plain language to ensure understandability of the communication

Which of the following principles is irrelevant to the SMART framework used when proposing a good business question?

1. Option A

   The answer from a question should provide decision makers with actionable insights

2. Option B

   The inputs to answering a question must be measurable

3. Option C

   A question needs to be direct and able to generate a meaningful answer

4. Option D

   Answering a question needs to generate economic returns to organizations

Option D

Answering a question needs to generate economic returns to organizations

hich of the following questions could be best answered using diagnostic analysis?

1. Option A

   What was the effective tax rate for the year? 

2. Option B

   Why did the amount of bad debts increase significantly in the past year?

3. Option C

   What is likelihood of collecting all the outstanding payments from a client?

4. Option D

   Will the total revenue increase next year?

Why did the amount of bad debts increase significantly in the past year?

Which of the following colour design options is most appropriate?

1. Option A

   Use green for the decreasing trend, and red for the increasing trend, when visualising stock price

2. Option B

   Visualise nominal categorical data based on the brightness of red colour

3. Option C

   Use red, green, and blue to represent analogous products

4. Option D

   Use green for the increasing trend, and red for the declining trend, when visualising customer satisfaction

Option D

Use green for the increasing trend, and red for the declining trend, when visualising customer satisfaction

Which of the following statements is correct in describing the histogram that visualises a dataset whose mean is larger than its median?

1. Option A

   The histogram will display a tail pointing to the left

2. Option B

   The histogram will be symmetric in its shape

3. Option C

   The histogram will display a tail pointing to the right

4. Option D

   The histogram will display a normal distribution

The histogram will display a tail pointing to the right

Assume that a manager of the Human Resource department attempts to use a traditional (i.e., vertical, unstacked) bar chart to visualise and compare employee productivity. Which of following practices represents ethical data presentation?

1. Option A

   The manager keeps the width of bars presenting the male and female employees identical, despite the observed differences in their productivity

2. Option B

   Given the extremely small and negligible difference in productivity between male and female employees, the manager adds red colour to the bar representing the less productive group to enhance emphasis

3. Option C

   Given the corporate goal to enhance employee productivity, the manager presents in the chart only the employee groups that display productivity improvement whilst omitting the groups that do not

4. Option D

   The manager ignores the employees who identify their gender as non-binary in the chart, given the extremely small number of the employees in the company

The manager keeps the width of bars presenting the male and female employees identical, despite the observed differences in their productivity

Which practice listed below aligns best with the principles for creating good visualisation?

1. Option A

   A stacked bar chart is used to compare the monthly revenue of a company, and the various business lines contributing to the revenue

2. Option B

   A heat map is made as colourful as possible, to increase its vividness and so to catch the audience’s attention

3. Option C

   The data analysts in a company visualise its financial and accounting data in a manner that convinces relevant stakeholders of the achievement of corporate goals

4. Option D

   The colours used in a pie chart are chosen based on their visual and psychological effects, independent of a company’s theme colour

A stacked bar chart is used to compare the monthly revenue of a company, and the various business lines contributing to the revenue

For a university’s learning management system (LMS), which of the following access control choices is most appropriate?

1. Option A

   Lecturers should be given unrestricted write and update accesses to course materials

2. Option B

   Students should be given unrestricted read-only access to course materials, but not any update or write accesses to the materials

3. Option C

   A course coordinator should be given the write and update accesses to the list of enrolled students, but in a restricted rather than unrestricted manner

4. Option D

   Even a course coordinator should not be given unrestricted update access to students’ coursework marks

Even a course coordinator should not be given unrestricted update access to students’ coursework marks

Which of the following descriptions about database anomalies is incorrect?

1. Option A

   There will be difficulties for valid business facts to be entered independently into a database due to update anomaly

2. Option B

   Delete anomaly is likely to cause unintended data losses when deleting records from a database

3. Option C

   Update anomaly does not necessarily prohibit a database administrator from updating the existing information in a database

4. Option D

   Update anomaly usually causes data contradiction errors

There will be difficulties for valid business facts to be entered independently into a database due to update anomaly

Which of the following descriptions of optionality and cardinality constraints is correct?

1. Option A

   Both optionality and cardinality constraints need to be defined based on the technical aspects of database design

2. Option B

   Both optionality and cardinality constraints define whether the relationship between two entities is mandatory or not

3. Option C

   A normalised database does not necessarily satisfy the optionality and cardinality constraints

4. Option D

   Optionality constraint defines the maximum number of relationships allowed between two entities, but cardinality constraint does not

Option C

A normalised database does not necessarily satisfy the optionality and cardinality constraints

Which of the following descriptions about the primary and foreign keys are correct?

1. Option A

   The keys’ entity and referential integrity is usually not a consideration in a conceptual ERD

2. Option B

   A primary key can be a null value if it does not apply to a record

3. Option C

   In a relational database, the foreign key in a table does not have to be the primary key in another related table

4. Option D

   The enterprise-level view of database usually involves the identification of primary and foreign keys

Option C

In a relational database, the foreign key in a table does not have to be the primary key in another related table

Which of the following options provides the most appropriate labels for Processes 1 and 2 in the system flow chart below?

1. Option A

   Update order details; Record new inventory items

2. Option B

   Extract order details; Record new inventory items

3. Option C

   Extract order details; Update inventory level

4. Option D

   Record new orders; Extract inventory details

5. Option E

   Record new orders; Update inventory level

Option E

Record new orders; Update inventory level