physio psych exam 3

learning

process by which experiences change our nervous system and hense our behavior, then the changes that take place are memories

physio learning

change behavior by changing the nervous system, everytime you learn new information, you activate the neurons

we do not! __ are neurons’ different ways of responding to a neuron

do we store memories?

perceptual learning, stimulus response, motor, and relational

what are the four terms of learning?

perceptual learning

uses sense gain new information, recognition,

primary function is to identify and categorize objects and situations: recognize faces, recognize dangerous situations, important evolutionary theory

stimulus response

responsible for how our body responds to a stimulus, ability to establish connections between circuits involved in perception and those involved with movement, can be classical or sequential (operant)

classical conditioning

things we cannot change such as sweating, HR, etc. that change with the addition of a NS

process of classical conditioning

NS + UCS = UCR which becomes, CS (NS) = CR

Neutral stimulus (NS)

any stimulus that does not produce an automatic response

unconditioned stimulus

unlearned, something you have never encountered or have encountered a million times, so it produces a reflective response when exposed

unconditioned response

unlearned reflective behavior to the UCS

Conditioned Stimulus

previously neutral stimulus that you now respond to reflexively

conditioned reponse

same as the UCR and now is a response to a previous NS

with more than 1 sec delay the conditioning will struggle to occur

why is timing so important in classical conditioning?

acquisition

phase in which a CR is established, moves NS to CS, time varies by organism and the stimulus you are using

extincition

is the reduction and elimination of the CR after the VS is presented repeatedly without UCS

spontaneous recovery

reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a delay, proof that extinction does not completely remove the association

stimulus generalization

stimular stimuli that elicit the same response

example: trained on dark red when shown light red you will respond the same way, driving a new car

stimulus discrimination

occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a CR but the other doesn’t

neural model of classical conditioning - presynaptic receptor (UCS/UCR)

neuron in somatosensory system, ex. puff of air, causes a response every time, releases more glutamate

strong synapse: smaller cleft, releases more NT, higher density of receptors

neural model of classical conditioning - presynaptic receptor (CS/CR)

Neuron in auditory system, NS activiates a weak synapse then converts it into a stronger synapse,

weak synapse: not enough NT, large synaptic cleft, amount of receptors on the PSN

hebb rule

everytime you fire an action potential, it will strengthen all active synapses

operant conditioning

learning procedure whereby effects of a particular behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the behavior, type of reinforcement effects the effectiveness of it

example: you have a route you take to/from school

Dr. B’s rat study

for three weeks they were given alcohol everytime they pressed a lever, whenever they ddi not get reinforcement, even after 6 months they still pressed it at least once

reinforcement stimulus

appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and makes behavior become more frequent

punishing stimulus

aversive stimulus that follows particular behavior and makes behavior become less frequent

motor learning

learning to make a new response, everything we do, navigating the world with motor movement, type and write, have to develop

relational learning

learning relationships among individual stimuli, learn most and appreciate least, most likely to get damaged, ability to connect multiple stimuli that have occurred over our lifespan

Hebb Rule

The ___ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires

will occur more frequently

in instrumental conditioning, a response that produces a favorable consequence…

example of relational learning

forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room

glutamate

receptors for ___ are involved in long-term potentiation

a calcium channel; magnesium ions

the NMDA receptor controls ___ that is normally blocked by ___

the hippocampus converts short-term memories into long-term memories

Patient H.M. revealed that…

relational learning

people with anterograde amnesia are deficient in…

feeling sad

You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework—the phone rings, and your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after a car accident. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example, the unconditioned response is….

movement of AMPA receptors to the tips of dendrites, fatter and mushroom-shaped dendritic spines, growth of new dendritic spines, nitric oxide causing release of more NT

which of the following is an example of long term potentiation?

stimulus generalization

a dog barking to the sound of a doorbell on TV is an example used in class to describe what phenomenon?

synaptic plasticity

changes in the structure or biochemistry of synapses that alter their effects on the postsynaptic neurons, long-term potentiation

long-term potentiation

long term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated higher frequency activity of that input

synaptic plasticity and learning

involves memory, occurs frequently in the hippocampal formation

role NMDA receptors

specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls calcium channel that is normally blocked by magnesium, involved with long-term potentiation, ligand and voltage-gated channels, plasticity cannot occur whenever blocked

dendritic washback

AP fired moves everything anterograde, but bounces off the walls and moves retrograde. Whenever +35 goes backward throughout the cell, gives voltage necessary to activate the NMDA channel

strengthening of synapses causes…

AMPA receptors to move from the base to the tips of the dendrites

calcium calmodulin kinase

calcium binds to this enzyme, deficiency in this = slower learning, must bind to move receptors closer

NS is neutral bc of weak synapse so it doesnt cause an AP, pair with a UCS and will create a stronger synapse,

so whenever they are paired together the active synapses are strengthened

how does the Hebb Rule explain classical conditioning?