APHG vocab unit 3

Culture

 a shared set of beliefs, norms, traditions, and values in human societies. 

cultural relativism

The view that values of a culture must be understood in their cultural context and not judged outside of it’s context.

Cultural landscape 

A natural landscape that has been MODIFIED BY HUMANS, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values

Sequent occupance

When successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint (a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region), which shapes the cultural landscape. 

Modern architecture

Architecture that is typically depicted as simplicity. 

Postmodern architecture

A building method that came from the late 1960s - 1990s as a reaction against modern architecture.

placemaking

A community-driven process or effort in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play, and learn

ethnicity

Social category where people identify with each other based on shared backgrounds and culture.

race

Social category used to group humans based on physical traits

indigenous

originating or occurring naturally in a particular place of a region before outside settlement or colonization.

RELOCATION DIFFUSION

Colonists carried Christianity, European languages (Spanish, English, French, Portuguese), and their economic practices to the Americas.

EXPANSION DIFFUSION

 occurs when an aspect of culture outward from where it originated. 

Contagious diffusion

A type of expansion diffusion where an idea or cultural trait spreads adjacently, or to people or places that are next to or adjoining one another.

Hierarchical diffusion

A type of expansion diffusion  that spreads an idea or trait from a person or place of power or authority to other people or places.

Stimulus diffusion

A type of expansion diffusion where the fundamental idea behind a cultural trait stimulates a new innovation.

imperialism

the push to create an EMPIRE by exercising force OR INFLUENCE to control other nations or peoples.

urbanization

the process by which an increasing percentage and proportion of a country's population go to live in cities and urban areas rather than rural areas.

Cultural convergence

A process in which interacting cultures become more similar to one another through shared ideas, values, behaviors, technologies, and practices.

Cultural hearth

HEARTH in the context of human geography is WHERE something began/orAiginated. 

• Characteristic: typically, that cultural trait is STILL practiced there to a large degree. 

• Ex: A cultural hearth question might ask where a religion, language, or other cultural trait originated

Language family

A common ancestral language from a particular hearth. There are 145 families in total

Indo-European language family

What, where, stats Kurgan HEARTH theory - suggests that Indo-Europeans conquered Europe & South Asia Anatolian HEARTH theory - Proto-Indo-European family relates to agricultural practices which caused migration

creolization

Two or more languages and/or cultures joined into one

Germanic Languages

A Language Branch from the roots of the Indo-European tree

pilgrimage

A religious journey to a holy place

taboo

Something that is forbidden in a culture or religion

The Great Schism of 1054

Result - Christianity split into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

Causes - 

• Disagreements over the Pope’s power and significance.

• Disagreements over religious beliefs.

• Cultural and language difference between the Western and Eastern Roman Empires.

The Protestant Reformation 1517

• Result - Protestant churches separated from the Catholic Church.

• Causes - corruption, selling indulgences (buying your way into heaven), and disagreements over beliefs.

• Catholic Response - The Catholic Church started the Counter-Reformation to fix the issues.

acculturation

An example of this effect of diffusion is an immigrant from Thailand moving to Canada, becoming fluent in English, and fitting in with their peers at school, but retaining their Buddhist religion, and preserving their Thai language skills by continuing to speak their mother-tongue at home.

assimilation

An example of this effect of diffusion is a young woman immigrating from South Korea to the United States, and fully giving up the Korean language in favor of English, adopting American style of dress and makeup styles, and learning to cook American-style meals.

syncretism

An example of this effect of diffusion is Indian curry shops in Britain. Specifically: Chicken Tikka Masala, NOT native to South Asia, but was invented by Pakistani or Bangladeshi immigrants in Britain, combining culinary flavors and techniques of South Asia and Britain.  Analogy: Cultural Soup

multiculturalism

An example of this is that Tucson, Arizona has city festivals to celebrate Dia de los Muertos and Tucson Meet Yourself (celebrating Tucson’s international community) in the Autumn season. Analogy: Cultural Tossed Salad

Colonialism 

the practice of claiming and dominating overseas territories A historical cause of cultural diffusion (of ideas, practices, and innovations).

• please especially associate this with 1492 to 1700s, especially in the Americas + COASTAL Africa & Asia

  • especially practiced by: Portugal, Spain, France, Britain, the Netherlands

  • Most countries in the AMERICAS achieved independence by 1825.