NDT REVIEWER 2

What can lag behind the body's actual water deficit?

Thirst

What can excessive water intake dilute, leading to hyponatremia?

Blood sodium concentration

When is ADH released and what does it promote?

When the body needs to conserve water, it promotes water reabsorption by the kidneys.

What are the key findings for mild dehydration?

Dry mouth and concentrated urine

What signs indicate severe dehydration?

Confusion, disorientation, and a weak, rapid, irregular pulse

What body functions is potassium important for?

Fluid and electrolyte balance, muscle contraction, and normal cardiac function

What can prolonged vomiting contribute to regarding minerals?

Potassium loss, weakness, and irregular heartbeat

What are trace minerals?

Minerals needed in very small amounts that assist enzymes and body functions

What helps ensure adequate intake of different nutrients and minerals?

A varied diet

Which organ has a primary role in maintaining acid-base balance?

The kidneys

What do buffer systems do in the body?

Accommodate excess acids or bases and resist rapid changes in pH

How is cardiorespiratory endurance best improved?

By sustained aerobic activity involving large muscle groups

What does flexibility promote and reduce?

Promotes greater joint movement and can reduce the risk of injury

What type of training with 8 to 12 repetitions builds muscle strength?

Resistance training

What causes muscle atrophy?

Prolonged disuse of a muscle group

When does muscle hypertrophy or adaptation occur?

When protein synthesis is greater than protein degradation

What do carbohydrates help maintain during prolonged exercise?

Glycogen availability and delayed fatigue

What do trained endurance muscles use less of and more of for the same work?

Less glucose and more fat

What should be replaced during endurance events lasting longer than 3 hours?

Fluids and sodium losses

What do sports beverages provide during prolonged endurance activity?

Both fluids and glucose

What does water help maintain and regulate during physical activity?

Blood volume and body temperature

What does the placenta transfer and remove?

Transfers nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removes fetal waste

What is the approximate additional energy need in the second trimester?

Approximately +220 kcal/day

What is the specific intended energy need for the third trimester in the question set?

450 kcal/day

What can happen if increased energy needs are met with soft drinks and fatty snacks?

Insufficient essential nutrients

What risk is associated with a BMI below 18.5 and inadequate weight gain?

A low-birthweight infant

What are folate and folic acid directly associated with preventing?

Neural tube defects

What is the recommended folate amount for women capable of becoming pregnant?

400 mcg/day

What pregnancy situation requires careful monitoring due to poor dietary intake?

A woman carrying twins

What is excessive vitamin A supplementation specifically associated with?

Fetal malformations

Why is a pregnant adolescent particularly concerning regarding nutrition?

They may still be growing themselves and may already have nutrient deficiencies

What enhances the absorption of non-heme iron?

Vitamin C-rich foods

What is pica?

Craving nonfood substances such as ice or laundry starch

How is constipation in pregnancy managed?

Increase fiber, fluids, and physical activity

What condition involves hypertension and proteinuria developing after 20 weeks of gestation?

Preeclampsia

What is preeclampsia that progresses to seizures called?

Eclampsia

Does excess fluid determine how much breast milk an infant consumes?

No, but adequate fluid intake protects the breastfeeding mother from dehydration

What is the approximate energy cost for the first 6 months of lactation?

Approximately 500 kcal/day

What decreases more when maternal nutritional intake is inadequate: milk quantity or quality?

Milk quantity

Why is alcohol identified as a breastfeeding concern?

It can enter breast milk and may impair infant development

When does infant birth weight typically double and triple?

Doubles by about 5 months and triples by about 1 year

What is colostrum?

Pre-milk produced during the first 2 to 3 days after delivery, rich in antibodies

What do bifidus factors favor in infants?

The growth of the friendly bacterium Lactobacillus bifidus

What does lactoferrin bind to prevent bacterial growth?

Iron

When does the extrusion reflex diminish?

Around 2 to 3 months

When is iron-fortified cereal typically introduced?

About 4 to 6 months

When does the pincer grasp develop?

Around 8 to 10 months

What condition can putting an infant to bed with a bottle cause?

Nursing-bottle tooth decay

Using the first water drawn from a tap with old plumbing creates a risk of what?

Lead poisoning

What is childhood obesity a leading cause of according to the question set?

Pediatric hypertension