Comp Anatomy MT II

muscular, circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems

what are the four muscle classifications?

1. red v. white

2. somatic v. visceral

3. voluntary v. involuntary

4. microscopic appearance

red muscle function

used for sustained activity & is resistant to fatigue; typically a small muscle

white muscle function

contracts quickly and used for quick movement but fatigues; typically a large muscle

migratory birds have ____ muscles as they are used often

red

chickens have _____ breast muscles since they don’t migrate

white

somatic muscle function

operates head, trunk, & limbs

moves bones & cartilage

responsible for locomotion & orientation

somatic muscles are ______ (voluntary/involuntary) and are ______ (striated/smooth)

voluntary & striated

visceral muscle function

controls organs, blood vessels, & ducts

involved in digestion & respiratory movements

visceral muscles are ______ (voluntary/involuntary) and are ______ (striated/smooth)

involuntary & smooth

voluntary muscle definition & location

under conscious control

attached to bones by tendons to produce movement

involuntary muscle definition & location

functions without conscious control (controlled automatically)

found in organs, blood vessels, & heart

skeletal muscles are ______ (voluntary/involuntary) and are ______ (striated/smooth)

voluntary & striated

cardiac muscles are ______ (voluntary/involuntary) and are ______ (striated/smooth)

involuntary & striated

smooth muscles are ______ (voluntary/involuntary) and are ______ (striated/non-striated)

involuntary & non-striated

cardiac cells are connected by _____________

intercalated disks

smooth cells are ____________

mononucleate & fusiform (spindle-shaped)

which muscle (smooth/cardiac/skeletal) from sheets that surround organs?

smooth muscle

which muscle has a origin & insertion point?

skeletal muscle

which muscle contains tendon, bundle of fascicle & myofibrils, sacromere, myosin, actin, & z band?

skeletal muscle

what is actin?

thin filaments

what is myosin?

thick filaments

what are the two main molecular components of muscular contraction?

myosin & actin

marks the boundaries of the sacromere

z lines

located in the center of the sacromere

m lines

corresponds to length of myosin

a band

region containing actin

I band

by-products of muscle contraction

voltage (electrical activity) & noise

T/F: Sharks use electrical signals to locate prey

true

what are electric organs?

specialized blocks of muscles that produce electricity as a defense mechanism

what can electric organs do?

produce enough voltage to stun prey or discourage predator

create electric fields to help navigate murky water

what do electric organs contain?

stacked electrolytes with acetylcholine (Ach) receptors

muscle force is ____________ to its cross-sectional areas

proportional

muscles with a larger cross-sectional area can produce

greater force

muscles with equal cross-sectional area but different lengths can produce

the same force

parallel fibers

long fibers that can move move light loads for longer distances

pinnate fibers

short fibers that can move heavy loads for shorter distances

how are muscles named?

according to function, movement, & location produced

Muscle actions & nomenclature

flexion

extension

adduction

abduction

elevation/ levation

depression

protraction

retraction

supination

pronation

what are the components of the human gait?

stance (foot is in contact with ground) & swing (foot moves forward before contacting the ground again)

what is the muscular sling?

a set of muscles that runs from the thorax to the shoulder & suspends the pectoral girdle, also supports. the upper portion of the body in terrestrial vertebrates

where is the pelvic girdle attached?

sacral region

how does gas exchange occur?

through simple diffusion (doesn’t require energy)

in simple diffusion, oxygen moves from ________ (higher/lower) concentration to an area of ___________ (higher/lower)

higher & lower

T/F: carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction of oxygen (follows its own gradient)

true

oxygen enters the _________ (blood/respiratory environment) from the ______________ (blood/respiratory environment)

enters blood from respiratory environment

carbon dioxide leaves the ____________ (blood/respiratory environment) & enters the ______________ (blood/respiratory environment)

leaves blood, enters respiratory environment

T/F: at body tissues, oxygen moves from the blood into tissues, while carbon dioxide moves from the tissues into the blood

true

what are the four characteristics of passive diffusion?

1. molecules move from high concentration to low concentration

2. does not require energy

3. rate depends on surface area

4. time depends on the diffusion distance

which two systems work together to transport oxygen throughout the body?

respiratory & circulatory

which pump moves air or water across the respiratory exchange surface

respiratory pump

In fish, what structure drives water across the gills?

branchial apparatus

In tetrapods, the ribcages is assisted by which structure?

diaphragm

what is the cardiac pump?

the heart, which moves blood throughout the body

_____________ (Unidirectional/ tidal) ventilation is where air or water moves in one direction through the respiratory system

unidirectional ventilation

birds having one-way airflow through their parabronchi is an example of which ventilation?

unidirectional ventilation

___________ (Unidirectional/ tidal) ventilation is where air or water enters & exits through the same pathway

tidal ventilation

T/F: Bidirectional and tidal ventilation are the same thing

false, tidal is a type of bidirectional ventilation

mammals use what type of ventilation?

bidirectional

which animal uses tidal gill ventilation?

lampreys

which animal uses unidirectional water flow across their gills?

hagfish

what are the respiratory organs?

• gills

• gas bladders

• skin (cutaneous respiration)

what are the gills?

• dense capillary beds located in the branchial region

• used for external respiration

• supported by branchial arches

how do gills work?

water moves across the gills, allowing for gas exchange

what are gas bladders?

elongated sacs filled with gas

which organs are considered gas bladders?

lungs & swim bladders

T/F: lungs are elastic bags located within the body

true

what are swim bladders?

they control buoyancy in fish and can sometimes participate in supplemental respiration

what type of fish do not have swim bladders?

sharks (elasmobranchs) & agnathans

which animals use skin for cutaneous respiration?

amphibians (they have moist, relatively thin skin that allows oxygen & carbon dioxide to diffuse)

T/F: in some amphibians, the skin is the primary or only respiratory organ

true

how air-breathing fish breathe?

gulps air & has an over-vascularized intestine that absorbs additional oxygen

what membrane is associated with respiration in the chicken embryo?

chorioallantois membrane

what are the different types of gills?

internal & external

where are internal gills?

located in the body

in cartilaginous fish, they are protected by soft skinfolds called

interbranchial septa

in teleosts (bony fish), the gills are covered by a firm

operculum

where are & what are external gills?

found externally on the body and they are filamentous capillary beds

in which animals are external gills commonly found on?

vertebrate larvae, including amphibians

which animal gill’s have no cover?

lampreys

salamanders larvae & axolotls have _________ gills

external

____________: blood and respiratory medium mix or pass through a shared pool, limiting the efficiency of gas exchange

uniform pool

____________: blood flows across the direction of airflow

crosscurrent

which animal uses uniform pool

mammals

which animal uses crosscurrent

birds

____________: blood flows in the opposite direction from the respiratory medium

countercurrent

which animal uses countercurrent

fish gills

what are alevoli

found at the ends of a high branched respiratory tree, gas exchange occurs in the blind-ended alevoli

what animal has alevoli

mammals

what are faveoli

internal subdivisions of the lungs

what animal has faveoli

amphibians & reptiles

T/F: Birds have neither blind-ended alveoli nor faveoli as their primary exchange structures. They have one-way passages called parabronchi.

true

why do veins have one-way valves

prevent blood from flowing backward (backflow)

where do veins carry blood

towards the heart

_____________ (single/double) circulation is where blood passes through the heart once during one complete circuit of the body

single

_____________ (single/double) circulation is where blood passes through the heart twice during one complete circuit

double