Specialised Cells, Tissues, and Their Functions

Flashcards testing knowledge on cell types, adaptations, and their biological functions across various human organ systems.

What is the function of a sperm cell?

To fertilise an egg by delivering male genetic material.

How does the sperm flagellum help it?

Propels the sperm towards the egg.

Why does a sperm cell contain many mitochondria?

To produce ATP for movement.

What is the function of the sperm acrosome?

Contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg's outer layers.

Why is a sperm cell haploid?

It contains one set of chromosomes to combine with the egg's chromosomes.

What is the function of an egg cell?

Provides female genetic material and nutrients for early embryo development.

What is the function of red blood cells?

Transport oxygen around the body using haemoglobin.

How are red blood cells adapted for oxygen transport?

Biconcave shape, no nucleus and lots of haemoglobin.

Why are red blood cells biconcave?

To increase surface area for gas exchange.

Why do red blood cells have no nucleus?

To provide more space for haemoglobin.

What is the function of neutrophils?

Engulf and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis.

What is the function of lymphocytes?

Produce antibodies and coordinate immune responses.

What is the function of sensory neurones?

Carry electrical impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS.

What is the function of relay neurones?

Connect sensory neurons to motor neurones within the CNS.

What is the function of motor neurones?

Carry electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors.

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

Insulates the axon and speeds up electrical impulse transmission.

What is the function of hepatocytes?

Carry out liver metabolic functions, including detoxification and nutrient processing.

What is the function of renal tubule epithelial cells?

Reabsorb useful substances from filtrate back into the blood.

How are renal tubule epithelial cells adapted for reabsorption?

Microvilli increase surface area.

What is the function of rod cells?

Detect light intensity and allow vision in dim conditions.

What is the function of cone cells?

Detect different wavelengths of light, providing colour and detailed vision.

What is the function of ciliated epithelial cells?

Move mucus containing trapped dust and microorganisms towards the throat.

What is the function of goblet cells?

Produce mucus that traps dust and microorganisms.

What is the function of squamous epithelial cells in alveoli?

Allow rapid gas exchange between the air and blood.

How are alveolar cells adapted for gas exchange?

They are thin and flattened, providing a short diffusion distance.

What is the function of muscle cells?

Contract to produce movement and force.

What are actin and myosin responsible for?

Sliding past each other to shorten muscle fibres during contraction.

What is the function of gastric pit epithelial cells?

Protect the stomach lining and produce substances involved in digestion.