geography urban issues and challenges

what is urbanisation

the increasing percentage of a countries population living in towns and cities (because of natural increase and migration)

what is the birth rate

the number of births a year per 1000 of the total population

what is the death rate

the number of deaths a year per 1000 of the total population

what is a millionaire city

a city with a population of over 1 million

what is a megacity

a city with a population of over 10 million

what is a supercity

a city with a population of over 5 million

what are the social push factors for rural to urban migration

lack of public services such as schools and doctors

poorer quality housing with poor sanitation

there is very little to do in rural areas

poor quality of life

forced migration like religious persecution

what are the economic push factors for rural to urban migration

land split between families leaves small agricultural plots

jobs such as farming are hard working

farmers in the local area mechanise. no need to employ as many labourers

rural areas have very little government investment

poor harvest can lead to food insecurity

few opportunities and jobs

what are the environmental push factors for rural to urban migration

soil erosion make farming difficult

a natural disaster has taken place

higher risk of droughts which can destroy crops

what are the social pull factors for rural to urban migration

there are a range of leisure and entertainments available

high quality public service such as schools and hospitals

education university

good quality housing

friends and family in cities

homes have good sanitation

higher quality of life

what are the economic pull factors for rural to urban migration

higher paying jobs in a wider range of sectors

governments spend money and invest in cities

better job opportunities

public transport readily available

what is the population of the uk

population of uk in 2021= 66.8million

increased population in south east England

decrease in people migrating to uk

increase in counter urbanisation

densely populated= London Belfast Cardiff Edinburgh

birmimgham grew to industrial innovation

what is urban deprivation

a standard of living and the extent which an individual or a community is deprived of services and amenities such as low income, poor quality housing and high crime rates.

what is dereliction

abandoned buildings and wasteland

what is a brownfield site

land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits reuse often in urban areas

what is a Greenfield site

plot of land often in a rural area or on the edge of an urban area that has not been built on before

what is urban sprawl

unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding rural areas

what is urban regeneration

reversing the urban decline by modernising or redeveloping aiming to improve the local economy

what is sustainable

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations.

what are the key characteristics of sustainability

renewable energy and efficiency

resource management

green transport

compact development

green spaces

resilience

how is Frieburg sustainable

1970 the local authority decided to change.

social: residents can invest in renewable resources. £5million- 9 windmills, 8 solar energy systems, hydroelectric plant.

economic: multiple solar companies based and investing. 10000 people employed in 1500 environmental businesses.

environmental: 350 recycling collection points, 88% of packaging waste is recycled. biogas is created from food and garden waste ( 28000 homes use this as energy)

how is water conservation sustainable

installation of water saving devices

collect rainwater in tanks

create rain gardens and green roofs to store water

SuDS - sustainable drainage system: reduces surface water flooding

green roofs to store water

planting vegetation

create and maintain wetlands for water storage

permeable surfaces to slow water transfer through the soil.

how is energy conserved

solar panels and wind turbines used to generate electricity

use of energy efficient appliances

use of insulation and double glazed windows

combined heat and power tech captures heat produced.

how is waste recycling sustainable

2020, uk aimed to recycle 65% by 2035

in vessel composting

anaerobic digestion

how is creating green space sustainable

provides area for recreation

provides important wildlife habitats and promotes biodiversity

acts as cities green lungs absorbs CO2 from air

trees protect soil and reduce flooding

highland in New York.

traffic congestion

singapore: public transport is comfortable and reliable 4500 buses 450 routes.75% journeys made by public transport. 80% pop line walking distance to trains. car ownership from 7% to 0.25%. car sharing government schemes.

Beijing: restriction ( banning a car one day a week) led to decreased 20% in car use. rapid bus transit and 30 new metro lines. bike park established at public transport hubs.