Ap psych vocab 2.3-4

Memory

The persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval

Explicit Memory

Memories of facts and experiences that we consciously remember

Episodic Memory

Memories of personal experiences and events

semantic memory

memories of facts concepts and general knowledge

implicit memory

memories that influence behavior without conscious awareness

procedural memory

memory of how to perform skills and actions

prospective memory

remembering to do something in the future

long-term potentiation

a lasting strengthening of connections between neurons that helps from memories

working memory

a system that temporarily holds and processes information

working memory model

a model explaining how the brain temporarily stores and works with different types of information

central executive

the part of working memory that directs attention and coordinates information

phonological loop

the part of working memory that temporarily holds and processes sounds and words

visuospatial sketchpad

the part of working memory that temporarily holds visual and spatial information

multi-store model

a model explaining memory through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

sensory memory

the immediate, brief recording of sensory information

iconic memory

a very brief visual sensory memory

echoic memory

a brief memory of sounds and auditory information

short-term memory

memory that holds a small amount of information for a short period of time

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and unlimited storage of information

automatic processing

unconsciously encoding information without trying

effortful processing

encoding information through conscious attention and effort

encoding

the process of getting information into memory

storage

the process of keeping information in memory overtime

retrieval

the process of bringing stored information back into conscious awareness

levels of processing model

the idea that deeper processing of information leads to stronger memories

structural processing

encoding based on what something looks like

phonemic processing

encoding based on how something sounds

semantic processing

encoding based on the meaning of information; usually creates stronger memories

Mnemonic Devices

memory techniques that help people remember information using associations or patterns

method of loci

a memory technique that connects information to familiar places or locations.

chunking

organizing information into smaller meaningful groups to make it easier to remember

categorization

grouping information into categories based on shared characteristics

spacing effect

learning information over time leads to better memory than studying all at once

hierarchy

organizing information into levels, from general categories to specific details

recency effect

remembering the last items in a list better than the middle items

primary effect

remembering the first items in a list better than the middle items

serial position effect

remembering the first and last items in a list better than the middle items

distributed practice

studying information over several shorter sessions spread over time

massed practice

studying information in one long session (cramming)

memory consolidation

the process of stabilizing and strengthening new memories in the brain