GEC 02 History Reviewer Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering GEC 02 Modules 1 through 4, including historical analysis, Magellan's expedition, Plasencia's Customs of the Tagalogs, and historical art and caricatures.

What is the Greek origin and definition of the word 'history'?

It comes from the Greek word 'Historia', meaning learning by inquiry, and is defined as the systematic accounting of a set of natural phenomena in chronological order.

What is the distinction between factual history and speculative history?

Factual history provides plain information answering 'what, when, where, who', whereas speculative history examines 'why and how' events occurred.

What is the difference between history as actuality and history as record?

History as actuality refers to everything that happened in the past, whereas history as record consists of past events documented by surviving artifacts and proofs.

According to the module, what limits our knowledge of history?

The incompleteness of surviving records limits our knowledge, rather than history itself having limitations.

What does verisimilitude mean in the context of historical reconstruction?

It refers to the historian's aim for truth, authenticity, and plausibility in reconstructing past events.

What is the difference between the historical method and historiography?

The historical method comprises techniques used to research, analyze, and verify primary sources, while historiography is the study of how history is written, including historians' biases, changing methodologies, and societal contexts.

What are the four steps of historical analysis (SECE)?

1. Select the subject to investigate; 2. Collect probable sources; 3. Examine the sources genuinely; 4. Extract credible particulars.

What are the three categories of written historical sources?

Narrative literature (chronicles or tracts like diaries and newspapers), diplomatic sources (legal records like laws and executive orders), and social documents (information with economic, social, political, or judicial significance like census records).

What is the difference between primary and secondary sources?

Primary sources are original, first-hand information created during or close to the event, whereas secondary sources are created long after the event to provide interpretations.

What is the difference between external criticism and internal criticism?

External criticism evaluates the physical authenticity of a source (who made it, when, and where), while internal criticism examines content credibility, substance, and authorial intent.

What is mercantilism and what was its primary economic objective?

Mercantilism is a form of economic nationalism aimed at increasing a nation's prosperity and power by accumulating gold and silver through exports rather than imports, while supporting domestic employment.

Where are the Maluku (Spice Islands) located, and for which spices were they famous?

They are located south of Mindanao and were famous as a source of nutmeg, mace, and cloves.

What was agreed upon in the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494?

An imaginary line was drawn down the Atlantic Ocean, granting Spain rights to new lands west of the line and Portugal rights to lands east of the line.

When did Ferdinand Magellan's expedition depart from Spain, and what resources were provided by the King of Spain?

The expedition departed on September 20, 1519, with 5 ships and 270 crew provided by the King of Spain.

Why was the discovery of the Strait of Magellan on October 21, 1520 significant?

It provided a navigable, sheltered route linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, serving as a safer alternative to open southern waters.

What sign of alliance occurred between Ferdinand Magellan and Rajah Kolambu in Limasawa on March 29, 1521?

They made a blood compact as a sign of friendship and alliance.

Who officiated the First Catholic Mass in the Philippines on March 31, 1521?

Fr. Pedro de Valderama officiated the mass at Mazaua/Limasawa.

What gift was given to Reyna Juana during the first Catholic baptism in Cebu on April 7, 1521?

She received a Sto. Niño gift.

What happened to Ferdinand Magellan during the Battle of Mactan on April 17, 1521?

He was killed after a conflict with Rajah Lapu-Lapu.

Why was the ship Concepción scuttled and burned in Bohol on May 2, 1521?

Because the remaining crew could no longer safely maintain and sail all of the ships.

Who commanded the remaining 18 survivors aboard the Victoria back to Spain on September 6, 1522?

Juan Sebastian Elcano.

What was Juan de Plasencia's real name, and when did he arrive in the Philippines?

His real name was Fray Joan Portocarrero, and he arrived with the first batch of Franciscan Missionaries on July 2, 1578, at the port of Cavite.

What famous religious book did Juan de Plasencia author in the Philippines?

Doctrina Cristiana.

What were the four social classes in early Tagalog society described by Juan de Plasencia?

Datu or Chieftain, Nobles or Maharlika, Commoners or Aliping Namamahay, and Slaves or Aliping Saguguilid.

What was the difference between Aliping Namamahay and Aliping Saguguilid?

Aliping Namamahay lived in their own houses and could hold property, whereas Aliping Saguguilid served in their master's house and their cultivated lands could be sold by their master.

What were the traditional male upper and lower garments in pre-colonial Tagalog culture?

The Kanggan was the upper gear and the Bahag was the lower gear.

What were the traditional female upper and lower garments in pre-colonial Tagalog culture?

The Baro or Camisa was the upper gear and the Saya was the lower gear.

What was the traditional pre-colonial male headgear called?

Putong.

What was the unit of government in early Tagalog society and where did its name derive from?

It was called the Barangay, derived from the word Balangay.

What were Bigay-Kaya, Panghihimuyat, and Himaraw in pre-colonial Tagalog marriage customs?

Bigay-Kaya was the material wealth given to the bride's family; Panghihimuyat was payment to the parents for rearing the girl to womanhood; and Himaraw was compensation for the mother's sleepless nights during the bride's infancy.

What were the recognized grounds for marital separation in early Tagalog society?

Adultery, Abandonment, Cruelty, and Insanity.

Who was the supreme deity in early Tagalog religious belief?

Bathala.

Name four early Tagalog deities mentioned in the module besides Bathala.

Idiyanale, Dumangan, Mayari, Tala, Aman-Sinaya, and Sitan/Satan.

What is a historical painting?

A visual representation of concrete happenings in the life of people in a specific period, aesthetically depicting a moment in a narrative story rather than a static portrait.

What were Juan Luna y Novicio's birth and death dates, and what was his role in the Philippine Revolution?

He was born on October 24, 1857, and died on December 7, 1899; he was a painter, sculptor, and political activist of the Philippine Revolution.

Which two famous paintings by Juan Luna are highlighted in the module?

Spoliarium and The Parisian Life (Interior d'un Café).

What were Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto's artistic specialties and notable skills?

He was a portraitist and painter of rural Philippine landscapes, celebrated for his craftsmanship, illuminated landscapes, and mastery in the use of light.

Which two famous paintings by Fernando Amorsolo are listed in the module?

Antipolo Fiesta and Palay Maiden.

What is a political caricature and what key artistic device does it rely on?

A political caricature presents a comment, opinion, or criticism on a specific event, person, or situation, relying on allusion (an indirect reference) to create a scene.