Unit 1

They study the composition of marine sediments, ocean floor, rocks and physical features (topography). Undersea volcanoes and earthquakes. Seabed movement/plate tectonics. Search for mineral/oil. They map the ocean's floor (rocks, depth, shape) "If it digs into the seafloor"

Geological Oceanographer

Studies the water movement (waves, tides, currents), temperature, density and salinity (saltiness of sea). How sound and light travel through water. How the oceans influence weather and climate. They map the ocean's floor (ocean currents, tides, waves, water movement) and chart currents/tides. "If it moves water or measures movement"

Physical Oceanographer

They studies the diversity of life in the ocean and the ocean's role as a habitat. Ex:plants, animals, bacteria (only a few), predator-prey relationships, symbiosis (two things working together), reproduce, migrate or interact, ecological. Create ways of increasing animal/plants population. "If it catches living things"

Biological Oceanographer/ Marine biologist

They test and study the composition of sea. Studies the rates and effects of chemical reactions. Changes brought on by people (pollution, red tide). Natural changes like bioluminescence (living organism to produce its own light.) They test for the elements found in the seawater (chlorine, sulfur). "If it tests water chemistry"

Chemical Oceanographer

Scientific method…there are 4

Hypothesis, experimental, analyze, conclusions

Stage 1: Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 BC to 799 AD)

3 primary reasons for early civilizations to interact with the ocean…

Food, Trade, Exploration

Stage 1: Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 BC to 799 AD)

Earliest recorded sea voyage…

Egyptians, 3200 BC

Stage 1: Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 BC to 799 AD)

1st trade routes through the Mediterranean (1200 BC)…

Ancient Phoenicians

Stage 1: Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 BC to 799 AD)

Another name for the North Star…

Phoenician star. It's the earliest record of using the North Star for navigation.

Stage 1: Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 BC to 799 AD)

1st group to sail across the open ocean in homemade canoes…

Polynesians

Stage 1: Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 BC to 799 AD)

1st to use math to develop maps for seafaring…

Ancient Greeks

Stage 1: Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 BC to 799 AD)

Used the North Star for navigation and predicted tides in the Atlantic Ocean based on phases of the moon…

Greek Pytheas

Stage 1: Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 BC to 799 AD)

Calculated Earth's circumference and invented the first latitude/longitude system…

Greek Eratosthenes

Stage 1: Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 BC to 799 AD)

Made one of the first known maps…

Greek Herodotus

Helps determine specific locations on the Earth's surface

Latitude and Longitude

Goes North to South.

Lines run horizontally ( — )

Latitude

Goes East to West.

Lines run vertically ( | )

Longitude

Stage 2: The Middle Ages (800 A.D. to 1399) aka "The Dark Ages"

The "Dark Ages"

Intellectual darkness. Few written records and historical documents survived from this time. Trade, and formal education slowed down

Stage 2: The Middle Ages (800 A.D. to 1399) aka "The Dark Ages"

The Vikings were able to explore westward because…

A warming global climate freed the North Atlantic of ice

Stage 2: The Middle Ages (800 A.D. to 1399) aka "The Dark Ages"

Made the magnetic compass…

Chinese

Stage 2: The Middle Ages (800 A.D. to 1399) aka "The Dark Ages"

replaced knowledge…

Myths

Stage 3: European Voyages of Discovery (1400 to 1699)

Renaissance means…

To be born again

Stage 3: European Voyages of Discovery (1400 to 1699)

New interest in ocean exploration a result/motives of…

Economics, politics, religion

Stage 3: European Voyages of Discovery (1400 to 1699)

Completed the 1st voyage around the Cape of Good Hope…

Bartholomeu Dias (1487)

Stage 3: European Voyages of Discovery (1400 to 1699)

Made 4 voyages to find a route to Asia from Europe/ Exploration of the new world…

Columbus, 1492

Stage 3: European Voyages of Discovery (1400 to 1699)

recognized South America as a new continent…

Vespucci

Stage 3: European Voyages of Discovery (1400 to 1699)

Crossed the Isthmus of Panama & discovered the Pacific Ocean (Renewed hope that you could get to Asia by sailing west)…

Balboa

Stage 3: European Voyages of Discovery (1400 to 1699)

Sails around the world. He died in the Philippines fighting with islanders

Magellan, 1519

Stage 4: The Birth of Marine Science (1700 to 1899)

Mid to late 1700s

Made and compiled good observations of ocean currents off the East Coast of the U.S.

First to refer to the Gulf Stream as a "river in the ocean"

Promoted the Gulf Stream as a way to improve commercial shipping

Ben Franklin

Stage 4: The Birth of Marine Science (1700 to 1899)

Launched expeditions with science and exploration as the only goals

First to use a chronometer (determines longitude/location)

Discovered Australia

Captain James Cook

Stage 4: The Birth of Marine Science (1700 to 1899)

Sailed through the southern ocean

Discovered Antarctica

Gathered specimens

Made maps

The United States Exploring Expedition

Stage 4: The Birth of Marine Science (1700 to 1899)

Father of Physical Oceanography (studied currents)

Matthew Fontaine Maury

Stage 4: The Birth of Marine Science (1700 to 1899)

Explored the Galapagos Islands.

Explained formation of coral reefs

Proposed the theory of Natural Selection (organisms with favorable traits tend to live longer and reproduce more)

Darwin

Stage 4: The Birth of Marine Science (1700 to 1899)

First expedition devoted entirely to Marine Science

(1872) sailed for 4 years and took 23 years to examine all the data

Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological data

Discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Mariana Trench

Catalogued and identified 4,717 new species

The Challenger Expedition

Stage 4: The Birth of Marine Science (1700 to 1899)

Steam engines & iron ships (no longer at the mercy of wind) submarines

Industrial Revolution

Stage 5: 20th Century Marine Science (1900 - 1999)

Important Expeditions. Mapped Atlantic seafloor with echo-sounding technology

Meteor

Stage 5: 20th Century Marine Science (1900 - 1999)

Important Expeditions. First ship specifically designed for ocean studies

Atlantis

Stage 5: 20th Century Marine Science (1900 - 1999)

Important Expeditions. Found deepest part of ocean within the Marianas Trench (Challenger Deep)

H.M.S. Challenger II

Stage 5: 20th Century Marine Science (1900 - 1999)

Submersibles. Bathysphere invented by…

Beebe and Barton

Stage 5: 20th Century Marine Science (1900 - 1999)

Submersibles

1) Bathyscaphe meaning…

2) First submersible to descend to the bottom of Challenger Deep

1) "deep boat"

2) Trieste

Stage 5: 20th Century Marine Science (1900 - 1999)

Self-contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus is better known as…

Scuba

Stage 5: 20th Century Marine Science (1900 - 1999)

An opening in the seafloor where heated, mineral- rich water flows out (form at locations where seawater meets magma)

Hydrothermal Vents

Stage 5: 20th Century Marine Science (1900 - 1999)

The titanic was discovered by…

Dr. Bob Ballard

Stage 6: Modern Marine Science (2000 - Present)

A 10-year investigation of the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life.

Census of Marine Life

Stage 6: Modern Marine Science (2000 - Present)

1st Solo Dive to the Mariana Trench

James Cameron. Deepsea Challenger

Stage 6: Modern Marine Science (2000 - Present)

Went to the deepest part of all 5 oceans…

Victor Vescovo

Stage 6: Modern Marine Science (2000 - Present)

Mission:

To inspire ocean mapping and deliver a complete seabed map for the benefit of people and the planet.

Only 6% of the ocean floor was mapped when the project was launched in 2017. Currently, 24.9% is mapped

Seabed 2030

1) Make an observation

2) Identify a problem

3) Research your problem

4) Develop your hypothesis/prediction

5) Design an experiment

6) Compare and analyze results

7) Construct a conclusion

The scientific method

Types of data

usually not numbers. Ex: favorite color, class standing, zip code, birthday

Qualitative/Categorical Data

Types of data

contain numbers, able to be ordered and ranked. Ex: GPA, average miles driven per week, temperature.

Quantitative/Numerical Data

Data Collection

observe/collect information from nature

Survey

Data Collection

observe a controlled environment

Direct Observation

Data Collection

set up an experiment with treatments

Experiments

Sampling Techniques

No rhyme/reason to how we sample. The best

Random

Sampling Techniques

every other subject

Systematic

Sampling Techniques

convenient for the surveyor

Convenience

Experimental Groups

a group that receives an experimental treatment

Treatment group

Experimental Groups

a group that receives no experimental treatment or a placebo

Control group

True or False

For a valid experiment to occur, you must have a control and a treatment group for comparison.

True

a question about your observation/problem

Hypothesis

find evidence in support of or against your hypothesis

Goal of hypothesis

1) It must ask/answer a specific question

2) It must have a defined variable.

Independent = cause / Dependent = effect

3) It must be provable or falsifiable. Can be proven true/false by conducting observations or experiments.

4) It must be supported by data.

Writing a good hypothesis