SCAN 150

kms

hunting stone age

12,000-4,000 BC

farming stone age

4,000-1,800 BC

bronze age

1,800-500 BC

Iron age

500 BC - 1100 AD

Odin

wisdom, poetry, magic, war, and the dead

wednesday

Thor

thunder and protection

thursday

Freyja

love fertility and beauty

Freyr

fertility, prosperity, peace and good harvests

Loki

deception and shapeshifting

Tyr

Law, courage, war

Tuesday

Vanir

group of gods including Freyr and Freyja

Yggdrasil

a world tree connecting the different realms

Ragnarok

a series of catastrophic events and a final battle involving the gods, followed by the destruction and renewal of the world

valhalla

odins hall, where certain slain warriors are received

valkyries

female figures who select or guide warriors who die in battle

Jotnar

beings often translated as giants

complex relationship with gods

midgard

world of humans

Asgard

realm associated with the Aesir

seior

a form of magic or divination

Jelling stone

monuments in Denmark

Harald Bluetooth and the transition to christianity

uniting Denmark and the Christianization of the Danes

Althing

Assembly where free men could participate in legal and political affairs

society was unequal and participation was not universal

lawspeaker

recited the law and had important role in the legal system

Iceland under the Norwegian crown

13th century with the Old Covenant conventionally dated to 1262-1264

Harald Bluetooth

Denmark

Son of Gorm the Old

associated with Denmarks unification and conversion to Christianity - Jelling stone

Olaf II Haraldson (St. Olaf)

Norway

Christian King who became a major saint and symbol of Norwegian kingship

Margaret I

Denmark, England, Norway

Organized the Kalmar Union, which united the three kingdoms under a shared monarch

Gustav Vasa

Sweden

Established a more independent Swedish monarchy after the end of the Kalmar Union

swedish reformation

Christian IV

Denmark and Norway

long reining king associated with state building, urban development and wars

Gustavus (II) Adolphus

Sweden

major military ruler during the Thirty Years War

helped establish Sweden as a European great power

Charles XII

Sweden

king during the Great Northern war

Kalmar Union (1397)

Denmark, Norway, and Sweden were united under one monarch, associated with Margaret I

The Kingdoms retained distinct institutions and interests, and tensions repeatedly threatened the union. Sweden eventually broke away in the fifteenth century

Norway changes from Danish to Swedish Rule (1814)

denmark ceded norway to sweden after the Napoleonic wars. Norwegians declared independence and adopted a constiution at Eidsvoll May 17th 1814

Dissolution of the Swedish Norwegian union (1905)

Norway peacefully dissolved the union after political conflict and a referendum. Denmark’s prince carl became King Haakon VII of Norway

Finland moves from sewden to russia (1809)

Sweden lost Finland to the Russian empire after the Finnish war. Finland became an autonomous grand Dutchy within Russia and declared independence in 1917

The great emigration nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

population growth and pressure on farmland

poverty, land shortages, and limited economic opportunity

religious political or social motivations for some emigrants

reports from relatives, letters, and the promise of land and opportunities overseas

famine and poor harvests in particular periods and places

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

Sweden became a major Protestant military power in continental Europe under Gustavus Adolphus

Napoleonic Wars

Denmark-Norway was drawn into the conflict; Denmark’s defeat led to the cession of Norway to Sweden in 1814

WWI (1914-1918)

Denmark, Norway, and Sweden were neutral; Finland was still apart of the Russian Empire for most of the war and became independent in 1917. Neutrality didn’t mean freedom from economic disruption.

Winter war (1939-1940)

Finland fought the Soviet Union after the Soviet invasion. Finland resisted fiercely but ceded territory in the peace settlement.

Continuation War (1941-1944)

Finland fought the Soviet Union again while cooperating militarily with Germany, seeking to recover lost territory. Finlands relationship with Germany was complex and should not be described as simple formal alliance identical to Germany’s other Axis partnerships.

Lapland War (1944-1945)

Finland fought German troops as it carried out the terms of its armistice with Soviet Union

WWII Denmark and Norway (1940-1945)

Germany invaded and occupied both countries in April 1940. Resistance collaboration, exile governments and civilian experience varied

WWII Sweden

Sweden remained neutral but faced pressure from both Germany and the Allies, made it difficult to trade and for transit decisions. Eventually expanded humanitarian efforts.

WWII Iceland

British forces occupied Iceland in 1940; U.S forces took over defense in 1941. Iceland became a republic in 1944

Bjarni Herjolsson

Sees unfamiliar lands to the west but does not initially explore them fully.

Leif Erikson

Explores western lands, including places called Helluland, Markland, and Vinland.

Thorvald

Leif's brother, who later travels to Vinland and dies after a conflict with Indigenous people

Thorfinn Karlsefni

• Leads an expedition to settle Vinland

Gudrid

• Thorfinn's wife, who participates in the Vinland settlement

Snorri

• Son of Thorfinn and Gudrid, born in Vinland according to the saga.

Freydís

A controversial figure portrayed as ruthless in the conflict involving the expedition associated with the brothers Helgi and Finnbogi.

Erik the Red

Associated with the settlement of Greenland.

Leif Erikson

Connected with the exploration of lands to the west

Gudrid and Thorfinn Karlsefni

Central figures in the expedition narrative.

Dag Strömbäck, The Conversion of Iceland

How Iceland transitioned from pagan Norse religion to Christianity around the year 1000

The three compromises

• exposure of unwanted newborns

• eating horse meat

• private pagan sacrifices

Ludvig Holberg, Erasmus Montanus 1723

Rasmus Berg, who changes his name to the Latinized Erasmus Montanus after studying at university.

Erasmus returns home from university and uses formal logic, Latin, and academic argument to demonstrate his education. His intellectual pretensions clash with the values and assumptions of his rural community.

Vilhelm Moberg, The Emigrants

Rural Sweden in the nineteenth century, amid economic pressures that help explain emigration to North America.

Kristina

concerns about leaving home, family, faith, and the uncertainty of a new life

Karl Oskar

wants to emigrate to better provide for his family

Byron Nordstrom - scandinavia since 1500

H.C Anderson

danish

Henirk Ibsen

A Dolls House 1879

King Olafr Tryggvason

wants iceland to accept christianity.

sends missionaries including pandbrandr and pressures icelandic leaders to convert

Gizurr Teitsson and Hjalti Skeggjason

return from norway with a priest named pormoor. They have promised the king that iceland will accept christianity

porgeirr

lawspeaker

withdraws under a cloak for a day and a night to consider the decision

One law and one faith

porgeirr argues that the country cannot survive if its people are divided under separate laws and declares iceland should become christian

Soren Kierkgaard (Danish)

father of existentialism and major influence on Protestant theology

Elias Lonnrot (1802-1884)

Kalavala 1835 & Finish Swedish dictionary