KPER 1200 L9: Body Image

Body image

The mental presentation a person holds about his or her body at any given moment in time

What aspects does body image consist of?

Perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes and emotions

Negative body image

Dissatisfaction with the body in general or some part of the body in particular

Developing a positive body image is important for what? (2)

Psychological wellness and a component of successful weight management

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)

Extreme dissatisfaction with perceived appearance flaws and is often undiagnosed

What other disorders does BDD associate with? (3)

• Anxiety

• Depression

• Withdrawal

Who are at increased risk of BDD?

Adolescents and young adults

Required treatment for BDD (2)

Professional assessment and treatment

Cultural pressure often emphasizes what about body image?

Appearance over function

Positive body image focuses on (2)

• Health and function rather than appearance

• Realistic expectations

What environment does successful weight management occur in?

Support, non-stigmatizing environment

Examples of eating disorders (4)

• Anorexia Nervosa

• Bulimia Nervosa

• Binge Eating Disorders

• Borderline Disordered Eating

Who experiences eating disorders more likely?

Girls and young women

Eating disorder

Serious disturbance in eating patterns or eating-related behaviour, characterized by a negative body image and concerns about body weight or body fat

Disordered eating affects how much of Canadian femaels and males?

Females - 1.1-2%

Males - o.15%

Influential factors of eating disorders (3)

• Heredity

• Home environment

• Turning points in life

How much does heredity contribute to the risk of eating disorders

More than 50% of the risk

How does house environment influence eating disorders (3)

• Hostility, abuse, lack of cohesion

• Overprotective parent

• Cultural messages

Anorexia Nervosa

Failure to eat enough food to maintain an adequate, healthy body weight

Characteristics of anorexia nervosa (4)

• Fear of gaining weight

• Distorted self-image

• Compulsive behaviours and rituals (binge and purge)

• Excessive exercise

Health risks of anorexia nervosa (5)

• Hormonal disruption

• Cardiovascular complications and low blood pressure

• Muscle wasting and organ damage (due to starvation)

• Electrolyte imbalances and dehydration

• High rates of depression and suicide risk

Bulimia Nervosa

Recurring episodes of binge eating followed by purging; begins in adolescence or young adulthood

Characteristics of bulimia nervosa (4)

• Rapidly consumes food, then purges

• Done in secret

• After a binge, individual feels ashamed, disgusted and physically and emotionally drained

Health risks of bulimia nervosa

• Tooth enamel erosion (from stomach acid exposure)

• Chronic sore throat and esophageal irritation

• Electrolyte disturbances and cardiac arrythmias

• Gastrointestinal injury and dehydration

• Frequently co-occurs with depression and anxiety

Binge-eating Disorders

Uncontrollable eating, followed by feelings of guilt and shame (no purging); high rates of depression and anxiety

People who have this eating disorders are more likely to be obese

Binge-eating disorders

Compulsive eaters eat due to what?

Coping, not hunger

Other patterns of disordered eating (3)

• OSFED (Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders)

• ARFID (Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder)

• Orthorexia

Often involves rigid food rules and anxiety around eating

OFSED

Disordered eating that does not meet criteria for other diagnoses

ARFID

Restrictive eating not driven by body image concerns

Orthorexia

Obsession with “clean” or “healthy” eating

What must be addressed when treating eating disorders? (2)

Both eating behaviours and emotional factors

Focus of treatment for anorexia

Restoring healthy weight

Focus of treatment for bulimia

Stabilizing eating patterns

General treatment for eating disorders

Professional care (ALWAYS)

Diet

Daily food choices; what a person usually eats and drinks

Best approach for weight loss is the combination of what?

Increased physical activity and moderate calories restriction

Overconsumption is closely tied to what?

Portion sizes

Portions of packaged foods and restaurant foods have ___, leading to overconsumption

Increased in size

Ways to control portion sizes (4)

• Weight and measure food at home for a few days

• Check serving sizes on packaged foods

• Order smallest-sized items on menus

• Don’t supersize meals or snacks

Energy density

Number of calories per gram of food

Food low in energy density provide more (2)

Volume and bulk

Ways to lower the energy density of diet (4)

• Eat - more fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains

• Add - extra vegetables whenever possible

• Start - meals with bowl of broth-based soup, salad or fruit

• Avoid - crackers, chips, and baking (high energy density)

How many meals do you need to eat every day?

4-5 meals with moderation

Skipping meals lead to (3)

• Excessive hunger

• Feelings of deprivation

• Increased vulnerability to binge eating or snacking

Low self-esteem people often

Compare their actual self to an internally created ideal self

Is self-talk positive or negative?

Can be both

Unhealthy coping strategies (5)

• Overeating

• Drugs

• Alcohol

• Smoking

• Gambling

What should food really be used for?

• Fuel life activities

• Foster growth

• Bring pleasure

Approaches to overcome “weight problems” (9)

• By yourself

• Diet books

• Fad diets

• Dietary supplements and aida

• Formula drinks, food bars and herbal supplements

• Weight loss programs

• Prescription drugs

• Surgery

• Professional gelp

Overcoming “weight problems” by yourself

Focus on adopting a healthy lifestyle by increasing physical activity and make modest cuts in energy intake

What type of diets to avoid when overcoming a “weight problem” by yourself

Very low-calorie diets - cause a rapid loss of body water and slows weight loss

Fad diets frequently offer quick and easy weight loss which is often ___

Regained (sometimes even more weight is gained)

Fad dits may not what?

Meet a person’s nutrient and calorie requirements

Type of diet book to look for

Books that advocate a balanced approach to diet along with exercise and sound nutrition advice

Fad diets (6)

• Cabbage soup diet

• Dukan diet

• Scarsdale diet (700-1000 calories)

• GM diet

• Carnivore diet

• Potato diet

Dietary supplements and aids promise what?

A quick and easy path to weight loss; be aware as false representations can be made

How do formula drinks and food bars attempt to achieve weight loss?

By substituting some or all daily food intake

What supplements can have adverse, sometimes dangerous effects

Herbal

Commercial weight loss programs provide (5)

• Group support

• Nutrition education

• Physical activity recommendations

• Behaviour modifications advice

• Packaged food (sometimes)

What do prescription drugs do? (5)

• Reduce energy consumption

• Increase energy expenditure

• Interfere with energy absorption

• Reduce feelings of hunger

• Increase feelings of fullness

Prescription drugs work best with what modifications?

Behavior

Last resort to treat severe obesity

Surgery

Gastric bypass surgery

Modifies the gastrointestinal tract by changing either the size of the stomach or how the intestine drains, thereby reducing food intake

Two types of fat removal surgery

• Gastric bypass surgery

• Liposuction