BIO FOR SUMMATIVE 2

Allele

is one off the alternative forms of a gene found at a specific location (locus) on a chromosomes

Genes

a segment of DNA that contributes to a biological function or trait

Phenotype

an observable trait of an organism

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Dominant

expressed allele through its phenotype

Recessive

is an allele where associated phenotypes is masked by dominant allele

Homozygous

an organism has two identical allele for a particular gene

Heterozygous

two different alleles for a particular gene_one inhereted from each parent

Godfrey Hardy Equation

where p is the frequency of the A allele and q is the frequency of a

No mutation, No migration,A very large population size, Random mating,Natural Selection

Godfrey Hardy Equation Rules

DNA

is a two-stranded long molecule that contains our unique genetic code. Like a recipe book it holds the instructions for making the proteins in our bodies

Recombinant DNa

are molecules of DNA from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combination that are of value to science, medicine,agriculture and industry.

Restriction Enzyme

is an enzyme issociated from bacteria that cuts DNA molecules at specific sequence. The isolation of these enzyme critical to the development to the development of recombinant

DNA Ligase

is an enzyme used in genetic engineering to genetic recombinat DNA.Since some restriction enzymes leave DNA unevenly the generated copy stranded region known as sticky ends

DNA

is the hereditary material where the fundamental and distinctive characteristics or qualities of someone or something are shown. THE BLUEPRINT OF LIFE

Genetic Engineering

Once DNA ia altered through insertion of desirable or enhanced trait

Genetic Engineering

is the prcess of using recombinant DNA technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism

Classic Breeding

humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeeding and selecting off spring with desired traits, most common in crops, we have breed them to become bigger,yelging time by pickingthe right variety or genes

Genetic Engineering

involves direct manipulation of one or more genes, agene from another species is added to an organisms genome to give it a desired phenotype or physical appearance

Flavr Savr Tomato

PRODUCTION OF PLANTS WITH FRUITS THAT ARE RESISTANT TO INSECTS AND HAVE DELAYED RIPENING, THESE FRUITS WILL SURVIVE LONGER TRANSPORT TIME, ALLOWING THEIR DELIVERY TO FURTER

Development

is the process by which a multicellular organism, beginning with a single cell,goes through a series of changes,taking on a successive forms that characterize its life cycle.

-Determination sets the developmental fate of a cell

-Differentiation

-Morphogenesis

-Growth

four key processes involve underlie development

Determination sets the developmental fate of a cell

what type of cell it will become, even before any characteristics of that cell type are observable, in a developing mammalian embryo, as well as in some adult organs, here are mesechymal stem cells that loo unspecialized. But their fate to become muscle,fat, tendon,or tother connective tissue cells has already been determined

Differentiation

is the process by which different types of cells leading to cells with specific structures and functions. For example, mesechymal stem cells differentiate to become the cells listed above

Morphogenesis

(Greek for origin of form) is the organization and spatial distribution of differentiated cells into the multicellular body and its organs.Morphogenesis can occur by cell division,cell expnsion(especially in plants)cell movements and apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Growth

is the increase in size of the bodyand its organs by cell divisions and cell expansion. Growth can occur by an increase in the numberof cells continues throughout the individuals life in some organisms, but reaches a more and less stable end point in others

Organ System

organs that function together from organ system. Each organs consists of group of organs that work together to carry out specific duties

Shoot System

is everything that is above the ground, the stem,leaves,buds,flowers,and fruits

Root System

is evrything underground, as well as aerial roots

photosynthesis, reproduction,storage,transport,hormone production

the shoot system

Taproot system,Fibrous root system

Two primary root system

Taproot System

single primary root dominates branch roots ( usually found in bymnouperms and most dicotyledons)

Fibrous Rot System

A network of fine roots with no central dominant root. Fibrous root sytems dont go as taproots but they spread later

BIsexual Reproduction in PLants

occurs between hermaphrodite plants, many plants are self-fertile and the male parts can pollinate the female parts of the same flower and or same plant