Homeostasis, surface anatomy, directional terms, body planes, body cavities, body quadrants and regions, membranes

homeostasis

the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector

5 elements of reflex arc

receptor

homeostatic control mechanism that monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli)

control center

homeostatic control mechanism that determines the set point

effector

homeostatic control mechanism that provides the means to respond to the sitmulus

afferent pathway

pathway from the receptor to the control center

efferent pathway

pathway from the control center to the effector

negative feedback

type of feedback where output shuts off the original stimulus (body works to get back to set point)

positive feedback

type of feedback where output enhances the original stimulus (body changes from normal point

negative feedback

regulation of body temperature: positive or negative feedback?

negative feedback

regulation of blood sugar: positive or negative feedback?

positive feedback

blood vessel clotting from a cut: positive or negative feedback?

responsiveness/excitability

ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them

superior (cranial/cephalad)

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

anterior (ventral)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

medial

Toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of

lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface

deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal

medial (midsagittal) plane

frontal (coronal) plane

transverse plane

cranial cavity, vertebral cavity

2 dorsal body cavities

abdominopelvic cavity, thoracic cavity

2 ventral body cavities

parietal pericardium

serous membrane that lines the pericardial cavity (#2)

visceral pericardium

serous membrane that covers the heart

parietal pleura

serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

visceral pleura

serous membrane that covers the lungs

parietal peritoneum

serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

visceral peritoneum

serous membrane that covers the organs in the abdominal cavity

cutaneous membrane, mucous membrane, serous membrane

3 classes of membranes

cutaneous membrane

membrane that is skin; covers the body surface

mucous membrane

membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior

serous membrane

membrane that lines body cavities closed to the exterior

right hypochondriac region

right lateral (lumbar) region

right inguinal (iliac) region

epigastric region

umbilical region

pubic (hypogastric) region

left hypochondriac region

left lateral (lumbar) region

left inguinal (iliac) region

sternal

axillary

umbilical

inguinal

acromial

brachial

antecubital

carpal

pubic

patellar

tarsal

coxal

femoral

crural

digital

hallux

occipital

vertebral

sacral

cervical

scapular

lumbar

gluteal

perineal

olecranal

popliteal

sural

calcaneal

cephalic

pertaining to the head

frontal

orbital

nasal

buccal

oral

mental

mammary

antebrachial

palmar

pollex

fibular/peroneal

plantar

otic

cranial cavity

body cavity that contains the brain

vertebral cavity

Body cavity that contains the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

body cavity that contains the heart and lungs

mediastiunum

space between the lungs

diaphragm

separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity

body cavity that contains digestive organs

pelvic cavity

body cavity that contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

right upper quadrant

right lower quadrant

left lower quadrant