Neurotransmitters and Antidepressants

Largest part of the brain associated with high brain function: thoughts and actions

Cerebrum

Brain structure that consists of different lobes

Cerebrum

Brain structure that is a relay station for visual and auditory systems and involved in controlled body movements

Midbrain

Brain structure that coordinates movement, and balance. Regulates cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centers.

Cerebellum

Brain structure beneath the limbic system that consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla

Brain stem

Brain structure responsible for vital life functions: breathing, heartbeat, and BP

Brain stem

What leads to the generation and transmission of nerve impulses

Depolarization

What type of neurotransmitters lead to depolarization

Excitatory

What kind of neurotransmitter is GABA

Inhibitory

What is the primary neuron for Depolarization

Sodium

Neurotransmitters utilize what type of signaling

Electrochemical

What are used to communicate between neurons

Neurotransmitters

What nervous system uses ACh and NE neurotransmitters

Peripheral

What nervous system uses Neuroactive Peptides, ACh, and NE neurotransmitters

Central

NMDA, AMPA, and Kainate receptors are found on which excitatory neurotransmitters

Glutamate

What ion undergoes an outward efflux during Repolarization

Potassium

The opening of channels for K+ efflux or Cl- influx of the cell, undershooting the resting condition

Hyperpolarization

Electrical signal traveling down the axon via Na+ channels opening

Action Potential

Axon cover that helps speed neural impulses

Myelin sheath

Dopamine (DA) acts on what receptor to produce an Excitatory (D1) or Inhibitory (D2) response

G protein-coupled receptor

Which neurotransmitter is associated with emotion, motivation, and reward

Dopamine

Which neurotransmitter is associated with wakefulness and attention

NE

Which receptors does NE (and Epinephrine) acts upon to produce an Excitatory response

Metabotropic Alpha/Beta-adrenergic receptors

Which neurotransmitter is associated with multi pathways to regulate mood, emotion, and homeostatic pathways

Serotonin

What receptors does Serotonin interact with to produce Excitatory or Inhibitory responses

Metabotropic receptor

Which neurotransmitter is associated with wakefulness

Histamine

What type of receptor does Histamine interact with to produce an Excitatory response

Metabotropic receptor

Receptor that is activated by indirect G protein-medicated signaling cascade

Metabotropic receptor

Single nucleus that innervates multiple target cells such as the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain

Single Source Divergent System (Diffuse system of organization)

Receptor that has direct effect on ion movements by affecting the ion channel

Ionotropic Receptor

Areas of the brain affected by depression

Prefrontal cortex and Hippocampus

T/F: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is strongly heritable

False

T/F: Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) is a strong heritable risk

True

Condition where depression alternates with mania

Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD)

Types of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Typical/Melancholic

Atypical

Psychotic

Types of Anxiety Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

PTSD

Bulimia Nervosa

Enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

what neurotransmitters does MAO-A oxidizes?

5-HT, NE, DA

what neurotransmitters does MAO-B oxidizes?

DA only

____ receptors regulate both serotonergic and adrenergic neuron firing

Auto

rate-limiting enzymatic step in serotonin synthesis

Tryptophan hydroxylase

• Tryptophan → 5-hydroxytryptophan

Enzyme that converts 5-hydroxytryptophan → 5-HT

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase

Mechanisms for serotonin reuptake

5HT(1B) autoreceptor

5HT transporter

enzymes is responsible for the degradation of serotonin into 5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde?

MAO