Sono Physics & Instrumentation (Display Modes)

What are the 3 basic modes of display? What is it another name for the basic modes of display?

Formats

Amplitude mode, Brightness mode, and Motion mode

How does A-mode appear?

A series of upward spikes

How is A-mode created?

As a sound pulse is emitted by the transducer, a dot moves at a constant speed across the system’s display. When a reflection returns to the transducer, it is processed and the moving dot is deflected upward on the screen

During A-mode, the height of the upward deflection is proportional to the _________ of the returning echo

Amplitude

During A-mode, strong create _____ spikes, whereas weak reflections create ______ spikes.

Tall, short

The x-axis of an A-made display represents… Where is it derived from?

Reflector depth

The time of flight information of the sound pulse

The y-axis of the A-mode represents…

Reflection amplitude

A-mode is accurate in determining the ___________________. This feature is used extensively in _______________, where accurate measurements of depth or structure thickness are important.

Depth of reflectors and ophthalmology

What does the A-mode display look similar to?

Big city skyline

B-mode appears as…

A line of dots of varying brightness

How is B-mode created?

As a sound pulse is emitted by the transducer, an invisible dot moves at a constant speed across the system’s display. When a reflection returns to the transducer, it is processed and the invisible dot is turned on

During B-mode, the brightness of the dot indicates the ___________ of the reflection.

Strength

The x-axis of a B-mode represents…

Reflector depth

When displayed on an oscilloscope, the __-axis is the __________. What is this axis also defined as?

Z and amplitude

Brightness of a dot

B-mode was the first form or _______________________, it is the basis for all other types of imaging.

Gray scale imaging

How does M-mode appear?

As a group of horizontal wavy lines

How is M-mode created?

As a sound pulse is emitted by the transducer, the reflections move at a constant speed from right to left across the screen. Various squiggly lines that represent the changing depth of the reflecting surfaces are produced on the screen

A line that moves up and down on the display indicates that a reflector is moving…

Closer to or farther away from the transducer

A ___________ horizontal line indicates a stationary reflector.

Straight

The x-axis of M-mode represents…

Time

The y-axis of the M-mode represents…

Reflector depth

Since M-mode ultrasound information arises from a single _____________ into the body, the “sampling rate” of M-mode is very ______ and is _______ to the pulse repetition frequency.

Penetration, high, equal

What is M-mode primarily used for? What is happening to its use?

To assess the motion of cardiac walls and structures

It is declining

Of the 3 modes discussed, M-mode is the only one that provides information about…

A reflector’s changing location with respect to time