ryan- resp phys, function and form

purpose of the respiratory system

getting oxygen into the body, releases CO2, allows for cells to get energy to carry out normal functions

define ventilation and where it occurs

the process of moving air into alveoli by bulk flow; nose/mouth to alveolar membrane

define respiration and where it occurs

gases move by diffusion; exchange of gases to lung or tissue from the blood

what are 4 key steps of the respiratory system?

ventilation, external respiration, transportation of gases, internal respiration

respiration locations (movement of O2 and CO2)

O2 from alveolus to blood/O2 from blood to cells, CO2 from cells to blood/CO2 from blood to alveolus

what is alveolar ventilation (V_A )?

the volume of air that is entering or leaving the alveoli with each breath and must be available for gas exchange

describe the lining of the alveolus and how it contributes to efficient respiration?

thin lining, blood flows adjascent and picks up oxygen

what are the 2 types of respiration?

internal and external

what 3 factors are required for external respiration to occur?

air in alveolus, healthy alveolar membrane, blood flow past alveolus

describe internal respiration

gases move between blood and tissue cells

what gas is used to produce energy and which is the byproduct?

O2, CO2

define dead space (V_D )

the volume of inspired air in the respiratory tract that is not involved in gas exchange

define anatomic dead space and which zones are in this category

parts of the airway that are not alveolar exchange membranes; oronasal and conducting zone

define alveolar dead space

alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused (blood flow) with pulmonary capillary blood flow

describe the alveolar dead space in a healthy animal

should be minimal

what is physiological dead space?

anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

what happens to dead space when a patient is intubated?

increases

how do gases move via bulk flow? what actions require diffusion?

ventilation, internal and external respiration

define diffusion

gases move from an area of high to low concentration

what structures are included in the oronasal zone?

nasal airway, pharynx, larynx

functions of the oronasal zone

olfaction, humidify and warm air, thermoregulate, filters air, slows airflow

by what percent is the airflow slowed by the oronasal zone?

50-70%

what specific functions do the pharynx and larynx have?

phonation (making sounds/communication) and protecting of the airway

when scoping an equine, is the soft palate visualized dorsally or ventrally? in canines?

ventrally, dorsally

what structures make up the conducting zone?

trachea, bronchi, nonrespiratory bronchioles

what are the functions of the conducting zone?

filters air (mucociliary apparatus), further slows air, NO GAS EXCHANGE

what structures are part of the respiratory zone?

alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

what is the main function of the respiratory zone?

exchange CO2 and O2

what is the position of the soft palate, epiglottis, and arytenoids during breathing?

soft palate ventral to epiglottis, epiglottis dorsal to soft palate, arytenoids open

what is the movements of the epiglottis, body of larynx, and vocal folds to protect body from aspriation during swallowing?

epiglottis rotates up to cover laryngeal opening, larynx moves closer to base of tongue, vocal folds adduct to seal glottis